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Middle East Test
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Bedouin | Arabic Speaking camel herding nomads |
| Suq | Bazaar, or place of commerce |
| Shia | Muslims following Caliph Ali and his successors |
| Wajh | Group Honor; Concept of great importance in the maintenance of group and individual prestige |
| Mosque | Islamic House of worship |
| Shahada | Declaration of faith; "There is no god but Allah and Muhammad |
| Kaaba | Shrine dedicated to Allah; Destination of the muslim pilgrim |
| Imam | Religious teacher; Leader of services; Leader of Shia community |
| Zakat | One of the Five Pillars of Islam;Faithful are obligated to support the unfortunate and the needy |
| Sadaqa | Voluntary chartiable contribution to bring religious merit to the donor |
| Ramadan | One of the lunar months of the Muslim Calendar; Fasting during daylight hours is one of the Five Pillars of Islam |
| Hajj (Hajji) | Pilgrimage to Mecca; One of the Five Pillars of Islam |
| Koran | Written word of Allah as revealed through his prophet Muhammad |
| Sura | Chapter in the Koran |
| Hadith | Collected reports about the life of the Prophet |
| Sharia | Muslim Legal code; Coded by various systems of interpretation or fiqh |
| Sunni | Largest "Orthodox" division of Islam |
| Ulema | Muslim scholars; Function as religious leaders; Ulema are not organized into a clergy and do not claim any special powers of Sanctity beyond their studies |
| Quarish | Powerful Arab tribe that controlled Mecca during the time of Muhammad |
| Hijaz | Mountainous region of the Arabian Penisula adjacent to the Red Sea; Includes the cities of Mecca and Medina |
| Hijira | Migration of those faithful to Muhammads preaching from Mecca to Medina |
| Umma | Worldwide community of Islam; Commands muslims loyalty |
| Jihad | "Striving" on behalf of Islam. Obligation of the Faithful extend to the Umma and protect it from its enemies either by actual warfare or by spiritual struggle. |
| Djimmi | Religious community given special recognition in Islam; Particularly Jews and Christians; Immunity from forced conversion but had to pay higher taxes than muslims |
| Caliph | Successors of Muhammad as leaders of the Umma |
| Riddah | Wars of Apostasy; Fought after the death of Muhammad forcing rebellious Arab tribes to continue their allegiance to Islam |
| Diwan | Record listing those fighting for the Umma; Determines shares of conquered valuable goods |
| Umayyad | One of the most powerful of the Arabic families at the time of Muhammad; Ummayad Caliphate was founded at Damascus |
| Kharijite | Early puritanical movement in Islam; Initially allied with Ali; Radical democratic group ventually turned against him and assassinated him |
| Abbasid | Important Hasemite Arab family; Founded the Abbasid Caliphate at Baghdad; Dynasty saw the highest development of the Caliphate during what is recognized as the golden age of Islam |
| Ottoman Empire | Founded by the Turkish Leader Osman; Ottoman State gave rise to the last great Islamic Caliphate |
| Ghazi | Defender of the faith, Usually as a soldier |
| Millets | Religious groups given official status in the Ottoman Empire |
| Mameluks | Slave Dynasty of Circassians; Ruled Egypt until their destruction they alone ruled Egypt giving only nominal allegiance to the Ottoman Sultan |
| Sufism | Movement pervasive in Islam based on mythical experience; Cultivated the inner ecstatic aspect of Islam; Appeal has greatly aided the spread of Islam in some parts of the world |
| Madrasah | Schools of religion; supported by Waqf; Often associated with a prominent urban Mosque |
| Fiqh | Islamic jrisprudence; Literally an "Understanding" of Sharia Law; Schools of Fiqh are Shafi, Hanafi, Hanbali; Maliki |
| Waqf | Religious endowments that suport a specific institution devoted to good works such as a Madrasah |
| Mahdi | Messiah or redeemer in Islam; expected to come to earth in the final days to lead the faithful to their war against the Infidel |
| Ismailis | Followers of Ismail; the Seventh Imam of the Shia tradition; Marked by a more esoteric and mystical emphasis than other branches of shiism and Includes the Qarmations |
| Muharram | Month of the lunar year; Commemorates Husseins Martyrdom; Emotional event for shia community |
| Tariqahs | Specific order of Sufism, with specified secret paths to mystical ecstacy |
| Pir | Recognized master in a Sufi Tariqah or order |
| Qarmations | Long lived communal movement within the Ismaili sect |
| Muwahhidun | "Unitarians" fundamentalist sect that prevails in Saudi Arabia |
| Wahhabi | Less prefered term for Muwahhidun |
| Tanzimat | Series of attempted reforms in the Ottoman Empire in response to growing European dominance |
| Muhummad Ali | Ruler of Egypt; Initiated major reforms which were blunted by a combination of European and Ottoman Strategies; First of the great modernizers in the Arab world |
| Fellahin | Peasants or manual Laborers |
| Maronites | Moniphysite Christian sect |
| Druze | Mystical Nonorthodox muslim sect |
| Sanussi | Influential Sufi order in North Africa |
| Najd | Extremely arid north-central region of the Arabian Penisula |
| Mujtahid | Religious leader, preacher, and scholar the equivalent of the Sunni Ulema |
| Al Afghani | Egyptian school teacher who became one of the first modern nationalist writers |
| Baath | Arab socialist Resurrection Part; POlitical party dedicated to Arab nationalism and socialism. Controlled Syria and Iraq until the ouster of Saddam Hussein |
| Hizbolla | Iranian supported radical Shia group in Lebanon Often associated with terrorist activities rival of the AMAL |
| Ashkenazim | Term used to describe jews of Europe origin |
| Sephardim | "Oriental" Jews of Spanish, African, Asian or MIddle Eastern origin |
| Intifadah | Uprising of Palestinians against Israeli occupations and rule in the Gaza Strip and the West Bank. First rebellion began in 1987 |
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