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Chapter 14
Vocabulary
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Lorenzo de' Medici | Grandson of Cosimo's; Known as the "Magnificent"; Reresented the Renaissance ideal; He was also a clever politician and held Florence together in the late 1400's during difficult times; He was also a generous patron of the arts. |
| Francesco Petrarch | A florentine who lived in the 1300's; Was an early Renaissance humanist; He found and assembled a library of Greek and Roman manuscripts in monasteries and churches; He also wrote literature of his own; Wrote Sonnets to Laura. |
| Leonardo da Vinci | Born in 1452; Made sketches of nature and of models in his studio; Even dissected corpses to learn how bones and muscles work; He painted Mona Lisa and the Last Supper; Also interested in botany, anatomy, optics, music, architecture, and engineering. |
| Michealangelo | Was a many-sided genius sculptor, engineer, painter, architect, and poet; Shaped marble into masterpieces like the pieta; Made the statue of David; Was also a talented architect; Most famous design was for the dome of St. Peter's Cathedral in Rome |
| Raphael | Studied the works of Leonardo and Michelangelo; Paintings blend Christian and classical styles; Problably best known for his tender portrayals of the madonna. |
| Baldassare Castiglione | Wrote "The Book of the Courtier"; Ideal courtier was a well-educated, well-mannered aristocrat who mastered many fields from poetry to music to sports. |
| Niccolo Machiavelli | Wrote a differendt kind of handbook; Had served Florence as a diplomat and had observed kings and princes in forein courts; He also studied ancient Roman history; Wrote the "Prince"; |
| Patron | Financial supporter |
| Hummanism | An intellectual movement |
| Hummanities | The subjects taught in ancient Greek and Roman schools. |
| Perspective | Artistic technique used to give drawings and paintings a three-dimensional effect |
| Albrecht Durer | Traveled to Italy in 1494 to study the techniques of the Italian masters; Employed these methods in paintings and, especially , in engravings; Helped to spread Italian Renaissance ideas in his homeland. |
| Jan van Eyck | Developed oil paint; |
| Francois Rabelais | Had a varied career as a monk, physician, Greek scholar, and author. |
| William Shakespeare | Was an Enlglish poet and playwright;Wrote 37 plays in 1590 and 1613 that are still performed today; His love of words enriched the English language; Wrote the "Twelfth Night", Richard III, Romeo and Juliet, |
| Miguel de Cervantes | An entertaining tale that mocks romantic notions of medieval chivalry |
| Johann Gutenberg | Printed the first complete edition edition of the Bible using the first printing press and printing inks in the West; |
| Engraving | Art form in which an artist etches a design on a metal plate with acid and then uses the plate to make multiple prints |
| Vernacular | Everyday language of ordinary people. |
| Utopian | Ideal society |
| Protestant Reformation | |
| Martin Luther | Founder of the Reformation; Rebeled against the sale of indulgences; Posted 95 theses on the door of the German church; Was set of by Johann Tetzel who tried to sell indulgences for money to rebuild a cathedral in Rome. |
| Peace of Augsburg | Signed in 1555; Allowed each prince to decide which religion would be followed in his lands; |
| John Calvin | The most important reformer to follow Martin Luther; Had a logical, razor-sharp mind; His ideas had a profound effect on the direction of the Reformation; Preaches presidentatoin that says god had chosen those who would be saved; Believed in |
| Huguenot | French Calvinists that wars raged between in France. |
| John Knox | A Calvinist preacher that led a religious rebellion; Under Knox Scottish Protestants overthrew their Catholic queen. |
| Indulgence | A lessening of the time a soul would have to spend in purgatory. |
| Recant | Give up views. |
| Predestination | the idea that God had long ago determined who would gain salvation. |
| theocracy | Government run by church leaders. |
| Henry VIII | Stood firmly against the Protestant revolt; Awarded the title "Defender of the Faith" by the Pope for a pamphlet that he wrote denouncing Luther; Had one surviving child, Mary Tudor, with his spanish wife, Catherine of Aragon; Felt that England's stabilit |
| Elizabeth I | Throne was passed to her after Mary died in 1558; She had survived court intrigues ; Had to determine the future of the Church of England; Slowly enforced a series of reforms that later were called the Elizabethan settlement |
| Council of Trent | Called by the Pope in 1545 to establish the direction that reform should take; Met off and on for almost 20 years; Reaffirmed traditional Catholic views which Protestants had challenged; Declared that salvation comes through faith and good works; Took ste |
| Inquisition | Strengthened by Pope Paul to deal with the Protestant threat more directly; Was a Church court set up during the Middle ages; Used secret testimony, torture, and execution to root out heresy; Prepared the Index of Forbidden Books; Included books by Luther |
| Jesuits | A new religioius order/ the Society of Jesus recognized by the pope; Founded by Ignatius of Loyola; Was determined to combat heresy and spread the Catholic faith;Embarked on a crusade to defend and spread the Catholic faith throughout the world; |
| Teresa of Avila | Symbolized the renewal of fellings of intense faith; Born into a wealthy spanish family; Entered a convent in her youth; Set up own order of nuns; Asked to reorganize and reform convents and monasteries throughout spain; Widely honored for her work; |
| Annul | Cancel |
| Canonize | Recognized as a saint |
| Compromise | Acceptable middle ground between Protestant and Catholic practices. |
| Scapegoat | |
| Ghetto | Separate part of city which Jews where forced to live. |
| Nicolaus Copernicus | Published "On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres."; Proposed a heliocentric model of the universe; Said the sun stood at the center of the universe; |
| Johannes Kepler | Tycho Brahe's assistant; German astronomer and matematician; used Brahe's data to calculate the orbits of the planets revolving around the sun; supported Copernicus's heliocentric view; Showed that each planet did not move in a perfect circle but in an ov |
| Galileo Galilei | Assembled an astronomitical telescope; Observed the four moons of Jupiter moving slowly around that planet; Tried before the Inquisition; threatened with death unless he withdrew his hersies; Agreed to state publicl that Earth stood motionless at the cen |
| Francis Bacon | |
| Rene Descartes | |
| Isaac Newton | Devoured the works of the leading scientists of his day; Formed a brilliant theory to explain why the planets moved as they did; Saw an apple fall from a tree and wondered whether the force that pulled the apple to the Earthmight not also control the move |
| Robert Boyle | Distinguished between individual elems and chemical compounds; Also explained the effect of temp. and pressure on gases; Opened the way to modern chemical analysis of the composition of matter. |
| Heliocentric | Sun-centered |
| Hypothesis | Possible explanation |
| Scientific Method | Step-by-step process of discovery. |
| Gravity | Force that keeps the planets in their aorbits around the sun. |
Created by:
Ashley Luallen
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