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MWCH Enlightenment
Question | Answer |
---|---|
During the Medieval Ages what did people believe of the world? | The earth was immovable located at the center of the universe |
What is the theory that the earth is the center of the world? | geocentric theory |
Who thought that the earth was the center of the world? | Aristotle |
What is the new way of thinking of the natural world during the 1500's? | Scientific Revolution |
What was the Scientific Revolution based on? | careful observation and willingness to questions accepted beliefs |
What helped the scientific revolution spread? | explorers traveling to Asia, Africa, American saw new people and animals. New scientific research in astronomy and mathematics needing new updated instruments |
1st challenge to scientific thinking? | astronomy |
Who is Nicolaus Copernicus? | Polish cleric and astronomer who thought the sun stood at the center of the universe. |
Theory that said that the sun was the center of the universe - "sun centered"? | Heliocentric Theory |
Who wrote the book "On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Bodies"? | Nicolaus Copernicus |
Who recorded the movements of the planets? | Brahe |
Who proved that planets revolve around around the sun in elliptical orbits instead of circles? | Johannes Kepler |
Who wrote the book Starry Messenger? | Galileo Galilei |
Who used a telescope to study the planets? | Galileo Galilei |
Who found that Jupiter had 4 moons? | Galileo Galilei |
Who published Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems supporting Copernican theory? | Galileo Galilei |
Arrested and in trouble with the Catholic Church for publishing ideas that the sun was the center of the universe? | Galileo Galilei |
What is the logical procedure for gathering and testing ideas? | scientific method |
How does the scientific method begin? | with a problem or question arising from an observation |
2nd step in a scientific method? | form a hypothesis |
How is a hypothesis tested? | by an experiment or on the basis of data |
What is a conclusion? | Confirms or disproves a hypothesis |
Francis Bacon? | Englishman who believed that a better understanding of the world would improve people's lives? |
Who attached medieval scholars for relying too heavily on the conclusions of Aristotle? | Francis Bacon |
Who urged scientists to experiment and then draw conclusions? | Francis Bacon |
What is the approach that urged scientists to experiment and then draw a conclusion? | empiricism or experimental method |
What linked algebra and geometry? | analytically geometry |
who developed analytically geometry? | Rene Descartes |
Relied on mathematics and logic to gain knowledge? | Rene Descartes |
Who believed that everything should be doubted until proven by reason? | Rene Descartes |
"I think, therefore I am"? | Rene Descartes |
Modern scientific methods are based on who's ideas? | Beacon and Descartes |
Compare old science to new science? | Old Science - relied on ancient authorities, church teachings, common sense. New Science - use of observations, experimentation to gather knowledge and draw conclusions about the physical world |
Who discovered that the same force ruled motion of the planets and all matter on earth and space? | Isaac Newton |
Key idea that linked motion in the heavens with motion on earth? | universal gravitation |
Universal gravitation law? | every object in the universe attracts every other object |
Who published The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy? | Newton |
Who described the universe like a clock? | Newton |
One of the most important scientific books ever written? | The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy |
Who invented the first microscope? | Zacharias Janssen |
Used a microscope to observe bacteria swimming in tooth scrapings? | van Leeuwenhoek |
Who developed the first mercury barometer? | Torricelli |
Who made the first thermometer using mercury in glass - showing freezing at 32? | Fahrenheit |
Thermometer who showed freezing at 0? | Celsius |
Middle ages doctors based their beliefs on who, who only studied the anatomy of pics and other animals? | Galen |
Dissected human corpses and disproved Galen? | Andreas Vesalius |
Who wrote the book "On the Structure of the Human Body" filled with drawings of human organs, bones, and muscles? | Vesalius |
Created a vaccine to prevent small pox? | Edward Jenner |
World's first vaccination? | Small pox |
Who created the first vaccination? | Edward Jenner |
Who pioneered the scientific method in chemistry? | Robert Boyle |
Founder of modern chemistry? | Robert Boyle |
Who wrote the Skeptical Chemist? | Boyle |
Boyle's Law? | explains who the volume, temperature, and pressure of gas affects each other |
Main steps of the scientific method? | 1. problem of question 2. hypothesis 3. tested in an experiment or gathering of data 4. analyze and interpret data 5. form a conclusion |
Difference between Heliocentric theory and geocentric theory? | Heliocentric theory - sun in center of universe Geocentric theorgy - earth is center of universe |
A new intellectual movement that stressed reason and thought and the power of individuals to solve problems? | Enlightenment or Age of Reason |
Who wrote Leviathan? | Hobbes |
Who thought that all humans were naturally selfish and wicked? | Hobbes |
Thought we needed government to keep order otherwise there would be war and life would be solitary poor, nasty? | Hobbes |
people give up rights and the would get law and order? | social contract |
ruler needed total power, total monarch? | Hobbes |
What is a leviathan? | sea monster |
What is the purpose of Hobbes view of a government? | to impose order and demand obedience |
Old view of government or monarch? | Divine right |
Locke's view? | He believed that people could learn from experience and improve themselves. They had the natural ability to govern their own affairs and look after the welfare of society. |
Favored self-government? | Locke |
Who believed all people are born free and equal? | Locke |
Locke's three natural rights? | 1. Life 2. Liberty 3. Property |
Purpose of government? | to protect the 3 natural rights, life, liberty and property |
Foundation of modern democracy? | Locke - government's power comes from the consent of the people |
Height of the Enlightenment? | 1700 |
Place for people to discuss politics and ideas? | Paris |
social critics of the 1700's are called? | philosophes - French word for philosophers |
Belief of philosophes? | people could apply reason to all aspects of life |
5 concepts of philosophes? | 1. Reason 2. Nature 3. Happiness 4. Progress 5. Liberty |
Philosopher who used satire against his opponents? | Voltaire |
"I do not agree with a word you say but will defend to the death your right to say it"? | Voltaire |
Used his pen to fight against intolerance, prejudice, and superstition? | Voltaire |
Devoted himself to the study of political liberty? | Montesquieu |
Believed Britain was the best-governed and most politically balance country of his day? | Montesquieu |
What did Montesquieu like about the British government? | separation of powers among different branches |
Who wrote "On the Spirit of Laws"? | Montesquieu |
Theme of "On the Spirit of Laws"? | separation of power would keep any individual or group from gaining total control of the government. |
Basis for the United States Constitution? | Montesquieu's idea of checks and balances |
Passionate about individual freedoms? | Jean Jacques Rousseau |
How did Rousseau disagree with other enlightenment thinkers? | He believed that civilization corrupted people's natural goodness. Others believed reason, science improved life. |
Rousseau view on government? | freely formed by the people and guided by the general will of society - a direct democracy. |
Wrote social contract? | Rousseau |
Theme of Social contract? | people agree to give up some of their freedom in favor of the common good |
Difference between Hobbes and Rousseau? | Hobbes - social contract was an agreement between a society and its government. Rousseau believed in an agreement among free individuals to create a society and government |
Idea's inspired many leaders of the the French Revolution to overthrow the monarchy? | Rousseau |
Who believed that laws existed to preserve social order not to avenge crimes? | Cesare Beccaria |
Beccaria's belief of a criminal in prison and on trial? | should receive a speedy trial, not be tortured, punishment should be based on the seriousness of the crime, abolish capital punishment. |
Beccaria's view of justice? | government should seek the greatest good for the greatest number of people. |
Who wrote "A Serious Proposal to the Ladies"? | Mary Astell |
"If all men are born free, how is it that all women are born slaves?" | Astell |
Who wrote "A Vindication of the Rights of Women"? | Mary Wollstonecraft |
What is Wollstonecraft's view? | Women, like men , need education to become virtuous and useful |
Wollstonecraft urged women to do what? | enter the field of medicine and politics |
How did Emilie du Charelet help the enlightenment of women? | translated Newton's work from Latin into French |
Three long term effects of the Enlightenment? | 1. Belief in Progress - new scientific discoveries, human reason can solve problems, social equality 2. A More Secular Outlook - people questioned openly their religious beliefs and teaching of the church 3. Importance of the Individual - |
Women gatherings during the enlightenment period? | salons |