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Emerging Europe
Emerging Europe, Byzantine Empire, Middle Ages
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Pope | the bishop of Rome and head of the Roman Catholic Church |
| Monk | a man who separates himself from ordinary human society in order to dedicate himself to God |
| Monasticism | practice of living the life of a monk |
| Saint Benedict | wrote a set of rules to guide a community of monks he founded |
| Missionary | a person sent out to carry a religious message |
| Nun | a woman who separates herself from ordinary human society in order to dedicate herself to God; live in convents headed by abbesses |
| Abbess | the head of a convent |
| Charlemagne | Pépin's son who became the new Frankish king (Charles the Great) |
| Carolingian Empire | during his long rule from 768 to 814, Charlemagne greatly expanded the Frankish kingdom known as the.... |
| Magyars | people from western Asia who moved into central Europe at the end of the ninth century, settles on the plains of Hungary, and invaded western Europe |
| Vikings | germanic people, Norsemen or Northmen of Scandinavia |
| Normandy | land at the mouth of the Seine River which became a section of France that was given to a band of Vikings from a Frankish leader |
| Feudalism | political and social system that developed during the Middle Ages when royal governments were no longer able to defend their subjects; nobles offered protection and land in return for service |
| Vassal | under feudalism, a man who served a lord in a military capacity |
| Knight | under feudalism, a member of the heavily armored cavalry |
| Fief | under feudalism, a grant of land made to a vassal; the vassal held political authority within his fief |
| Feudal contract | under feudalism, the unwritten rules that determined the relationship between a lord and his vassal |
| Tournament | under feudalism, a series of martial activities such as jousts designed to keep knights busy during peacetime and help them prepare for war |
| Chivalry | in the Middle Ages, the ideal of civilized behavior that developed among the nobility; it was a code of ethics that knights were supposed to uphold |
| Eleanor of Acquitaine | one of the most remarkable personalities of twelfth-century Europe |
| William of Normandy | lead an army of heavily armed knights and landed on the coast of England and soundly defeated King Herold and his foot soldiers at the Battle of Hastings. |
| Common law | a uniform system of law that developed in England based on court decisions and on customs and usage rather than on written law codes; replaced law codes that varied from place to place |
| Magna Carta | the “Great Charter” of rights, which King John was forced to sign by the English nobles at Runnymeade in 1215 |
| Parliament | in thirteenth-century England, the representative government that emerged; it was composed of two knights from every county, two people from every town, and all of the nobles and bishops throughout England |
| Phillip II Augustus | Reigned from 1180-1223, was a turning point in the french monarchy, and expanded its income and power. |
| Estate | one of the three classes into which French society was divided before the revolution: the clergy (first estate), the nobles (second estate), and the townspeople (third estate); a landed property usually with a large house on it |
| Kiev | Where Viking leader, Oleg, settled and what is now present day Kyiv |
| Constantinople | the center of the Roman Empire in the East |
| Justinian | became emperor of the Eastern Roman Empire in 527 and was determined to reestablish the Roman Empire in the entire Mediterranean world |
| Palestine | a territory in the Middle East on the eastern coast of the Mediterranean Sea |
| Balkans | the countries occupying the part of southeastern Europe |
| Patriarch | head of the Eastern Orthodox Church and was appointed by the emperor |
| Schism | separation between the two great branches of Christianity |
| Crusades | European Christians carried out a series of military expeditions to grain the Holy Land from the Muslims |
| Infidel | unbeilevers |
| Saladin | In 1187, the holy city of Jerusalem fell to Muslim forces under... |
| Manor | in medieval Europe, an agricultural estate that a lord ran and peasants worked |
| Serfs | in medieval Europe, a peasant legally bound to the land who had to provide labor services, pay rents, and be subject to the lord’s control |
| Commercial capitalism | economic system in which people invest in trade or goods to make profits |
| Theology | the study of religion and God |
| Bourgeoisie | the middle class, including merchants, industrialists, and professional people |
| Patricians | wealthy, powerful landowners, they formed the ruling class in the Roman Republic |
| Guilds | a business association that is associated with a particular trade or craft and played a leading role in the economic life of medieval cities |
| Apprentice | one who learns a trade by practical experience under skilled craftspeople |
| Lay investiture | a practice when a secular, or lay, rulers usually chose nominees to Church offices and gave them the symbols of their office |
| Pope Gregory 7th | decided to fight the practice of lay investiture |
| Concordat of Worms | an agreement in 1122. Under it, a bishop in Germany was first elected by church officials |
| Pope Innocent 3rd | initiated the fourth crusade |
| Interdict | a decree by the pope that forbade priests to give the sacraments of the Church to the people |
| Sacrements | Christian rites |
| Hildegard of Bingen | became abbess of a religious house for females in westen Germany |
| Franciscans | founded by Sint Francis of Assisi, took vows of absolute poverty, agreeing to reject all property and live by working and begging for their food |
| Dominicans | founded by Dominic de Guzmán, were well known for their roles as examiners of people suspected of heresy |
| Heresy | the denial of basic Church doctrines |
| Inquisition | Holy Office, a court that developed a reglar procedure to find and try heretics |
| Relic | bones or other objects connected with saints; considered worthy of worship by the faithful |
| Scholasticism | a medieval philosophical and theological system that tried to reconcile faith and reason |
| Aristotle | a philosopher who reached his conclusions by rational thought, not by faith, and his ideas sometimes contradicted Church teachings |
| Saint Thomas Acquinas | made the most famous attempt to reconcile Aristotle with doctrines of Christianity, best known for his summa theologica |
| Vernacular | the language of everyday speech in a particular region |
| Chanson de geste | a type of vernacular literature, this heroic epic was popular in medieval Europe and described battles and political contests |
| Black Death | the most devastating natural disaster in European history |
| Anti-Semitism | hostility toward Jews |
| Great Schism | lasted from 1378 to 1417, divided Europe |
| Agincourt | a battle in 1415. The heavy, armor-plated French knights tried to attack Henry's forces across a muddy field, and were disastrously defeated. The English were masters of northern France |
| Joan of Arc | the daughter of prosperous peasants, was a deeply religious person |
| Isabella | married Ferdinand of Aragon |
| Ferdinand | married Isabella of Castile |
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tessa320
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