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Traits & Genetics

Mendelian Traits & Molecular Genetics

QuestionAnswer
Who is considered the father of genetics? Gregor Mendel
What are discrete/simple traits? Traits that are either present or absent. They are genetically controlled by a single gene. Also called Mendelian Traits.
What are continuous/complex traits? Traits with a range of expression that can be affected by the environment. They are genetically controlled, usually by multiple genes.
What is a gene? Segment of DNA that encodes a specific trait.
Define allele. A variant of a gene, either being dominant (A) or recessive (a).
What is the function of the allele? Alleles are paired (one from each parent) to form the genotype (genetic make-up) that determines phenotype (physical expression).
Describe the cell structure. The cell is the basic unit of life. There are two forms: Somatic (body) cells, and gamete (sex) cells.
Where is the location of chromosomes that contain DNA? Nucleus
How many chromosomes do humans have? There are 23 pairs of chromosomes in humans, meaning there are 46 total chromosomes - one from each parent.
What is Deoxyribonucleic Acid? Double helix composed of nucleotide subunits. Segments of nucleotides constitute genes that encode for amino acids essential for growth, development, and cell function.
What are the two main functions of DNA? Replication and protein synthesis
Describe the structure of DNA. Two stranded, ladder-like shape. The rings are composed of nitrogen base pairs and the side rails are composed of sugar and phosphate backbone. Each base pair is bonded by a weak hydrogen bond.
How does DNA replication occur? During mitosis - two strands unzip as the Hydrogen bonds are broken. Each strand then acts as a template strand. Free floating nucleotides then pair with the template to synthesize a new DNA strand. The final product is 2 paired DNA molecules.
What is mitosis? One cell divides into two new individuals cells. Results in the growth and replacement of body cells.
What is meiosis? Specialized cell division that results in the production of sex cells or gametes.
Explain protein synthesis. Proteins are formed by polypeptide chains of amino acids. (Forms body tissues and enzymes that direct chemical reactions). Involves two steps: transcription and translation.
What is Ribonucleic Acid? Single-stranded molecule, structurally similar to DNA, except that the sugar is ribose. Also, the base uracil replaces thymine, and the side rails are composed of ribose sugar and phosphate.
What are the two forms of RNA? mRNA (messenger RNA) and tRNA (transfer RNA).
In RNA, how do the nitrogen bases pair together? Adenine - Uracil Cytosine - Guanine
Describe transcription. The first step in protein synthesis in which mRNA is produced on a DNA template strand. Creates a single stranded mRNA, then the mRNA exits the nucleus towards a free Ribosome.
Describe translation. The second step in protein synthesis in which the mRNA joins the ribosomes. The ribosome reads the three nucleotide long Codon. tRNA then brings the appropriate amino acid. The end product is a polypeptide chain that will be folded into a protein.
What are the three key differences between DNA and RNA? RNA is single-stranded, has a ribose sugar, and uracil instead of thymine base.
Created by: cassidylm34
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