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FNS 2: Hypothalamus
Neuro Lecture 2: Hypothalamus
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the 5 key features/symptoms of Hypothalamic syndrome? | 1) Diabetes insipidus, 2) Endocrine imbalance, 3) Impaired thermoregulation, 4) Sleep disturbance, 5) Emotional/behavioral changes |
| What is the rostral (anterior) boundary of the hypothalamus? | lamina terminalis/ optic chiasm |
| What is the dorsal (superior) boundary of the hypothalamus? | hypothalamic sulcus |
| What is the caudal (posterior) boundary of the hypothalamus? | midbrain tegmentum |
| What are the 3 divisions of the hypothalamus in the medio-lateral dimension collectively called? | zones |
| What are the 3 divisions of the hypothalamus in the rostro-caudal dimension collectively called? | regions |
| What are the names of the three hypothalamic zones? | periventricular, medial/middle, and lateral zones (each zone runs the entire length of the hypothalamus |
| What is the physical description of the periventricular zone? | a thin strip deep to the ependyma of the 3rd ventricle |
| What are the 2 borders of the medial hypothalamic zone? | between the periventricular zone and fornix |
| What are the 2 borders of the lateral hypothalamic zone? | between the fornix and internal capsule |
| Which hypothalamic zone contains the medial forebrain bundle? | the lateral zone |
| What are the names of the three hypothalamic regions? | Chiasmal (anterior), Tuberal (intermediate), and Mamillary (posterior)- note which structures on the brain correspond to the names |
| How many nuclei are located in the anterior hypothalamic region? What are their names? | 5- 1) Medial/Lateral Preoptic nuclei, 2) Suprachiasmatic nucleus, 3) Anterior nucleus, 4) Supraoptic nucleus, and 5) Paraventricular nucleus |
| Which nucleus in the anterior hypothalamic region is telencephalic in embryonic origin? | Preoptic (medial/lateral) |
| Which nucleus in the anterior hypothalamic region is important for reproductive behavior? | Preoptic (medial/lateral) |
| Which nucleus in the anterior hypothalamic region receives direct input from the retina? | Suprachiasmatic |
| Which nucleus in the anterior hypothalamic region is important in circadian rhythms? | Suprachiasmatic |
| Which nucleus in the anterior hypothalamic region is thermosensitive? | Anterior |
| Which nucleus in the anterior hypothalamic region responds to increased blood temperature by activating reduction mechanisms? | Anterior |
| Which nuclei in the anterior hypothalamic region is involved in the magnocellular neurosecretory system? | Supraoptic and paraventricular |
| Which nuclei in the anterior hypothalamic region are osmosensitive? | Supraoptic and paraventricular |
| Which nuclei in the anterior hypothalamic region release oxytocin and vasopressin (ADH) in the posterior pituitary? | Supraoptic and paraventricular |
| How many nuclei are located in the intermediate hypothalamic region? What are their names? | 4- 1) Arcuate (Infundibular) nucleus, 2) Ventromedial nucleus, 3) Lateral hypothalamic area, and 4) Dorsomedial nucleus |
| Which nucleus in the intermediate hypothalamic region modulates the release of hormones from the anterior pituitary? | Arcuate (Infundibular) |
| Which nucleus in the intermediate hypothalamic region regulates feeding? | Arcuate (Infundibular) |
| Which nucleus in the intermediate hypothalamic region has inhibitory control over feeding behavior? | Ventromedial |
| Which nucleus in the intermediate hypothalamic region is where lesions produce hyperphagia? | Ventromedial |
| What is hyperphagia? | Excessive hunger/eating |
| Which nucleus in the intermediate hypothalamic region has neurons activated by leptin? | Ventromedial |
| Which nucleus in the intermediate hypothalamic region is just lateral to the ventromedial nucleus? | Lateral hypothalamic area |
| Which nucleus in the intermediate hypothalamic region contains orexigenic (“appetite”) peptides? | Lateral hypothalamic area |
| Which nucleus in the intermediate hypothalamic region is the classic “feeding center of the hypothalamus? | Lateral hypothalamic area |
| Which nucleus in the intermediate hypothalamic region has unclear functions, perhaps stress responses? | Dorsomedial nucleus |
| How many nuclei are located in the posterior hypothalamic region? What are their names? | 2- Posterior nucleus and Mamillary nucleus |
| Which nucleus in the posterior hypothalamic region is the heat conservation center? | Posterior |
| Which nucleus in the posterior hypothalamic region regulates behavioral arousal and wakefulness? | Posterior |
| Which nucleus in the posterior hypothalamic region contains histamine neurons (in tuberomamillary n.) and orexin neurons (lost in narcolepsy)? | Posterior |
| Which nucleus in the posterior hypothalamic region modulates memory formation (esp. recent memory) via connections with the hippocampus? | Mamillary |
| Which nucleus in the posterior hypothalamic region is sensitive to prolonged thiamine (B1) deficiency? | Mamillary |
| Which 3 parts of the nervous system are in constant BIDIRECTIONAL communication with the hypothalamus? | limbic system, brainstem regions, and the neuroendocrine system |
| What are the 2 forms of communication between the hypothalamus and other parts of the nervous system? | Anatomical connections (direct synapse) or Humoral (circulating factors/hormones) |
| Regulation of visceral and autonomic function from the hypothalamus depends on the balance between anterior and posterior hypothalamus influences. Which is more PS, and which is more S? | Anterior= parasympathomimetic, Posterior= sympathomimetic |
| Which portion of the hypothalamus is the heat dissipation center? | Anterior hypothalamus |
| Which portion of the hypothalamus is the heat conservation center? | Posterior hypothalamus |
| How does the anterior hypothalamus affect bladder, cardiac muscle, and GI motility? | bladder contraction, cardiac slowing, and increased motility |
| How does the posterior hypothalamus affect pupils, BP, and GI motility? | pupil dilation, increased BP, decreased motility |
| Which HT-visceral path courses through the lateral hypothalamic zone? | MFB (medial forebrain bundle) |
| Which HT-visceral path connects the HT with the reticular formation? | MFB (medial forebrain bundle) |
| Which HT-visceral path connects the HT with rostral areas (olfactory cortex, septum for olfactory and emotional information)? | MFB (medial forebrain bundle) |
| Which HT-visceral path connects the mamillary bodies to the reticular formation? | (MTeT) Mamillotegmental tract |
| Which HT-visceral path connects with CN nuclei and spinal cord regions involved in autonomic regulation? | DLF (Dorsal Longitudinal fasciculus) |
| What is the limbic system important for (in general)? | emotion, memory, and motivated behavior |
| Which external pathway from the hypothalamus is important for coordinating appropriate behavioral responses to homeostatic challenges? | hypothalamic-limbic interactions |
| What is the hypothalamus and hippocampus connected by? | the fornix |
| What is the major hypothalamus target of the hypothalamus-hippocampus pathway? | mamillary bodies |
| Which hypothalamus external pathway carries important information for behavior and memory? | HT-hippocampus path |
| How many connections run between the hypothalamus and the amygdala? What are their names? | 2- Stria terminalis and Ventral amygdaloid pathway (reciprocal) |
| Where does the Stria terminalis exit, where does it run, and where does it project to? | exits posterior amygdala, parallels course of the caudate, and projects to the medial zone of the HT |
| Where does the Ventral amygdaloid pathway (reciprocal) exit, where does it run, and where does it project to? | exits dorsomedial amygdala, runs beneath globus pallidus, and projects to the lateral zone of the HT |
| Where does the HT connection with the anterior thalamus get extra input from? | MTT (mammillothalamic tract) |
| Which hypothalamus external pathway modulates limbic function, and thus memory, behavior, and emotion? | HT-anterior thalamus |
| Which structure is the major output organ for CNS control of the endocrine system? | pituitary gland |
| Which structure in the brain is essential for maintaining hormonal balance and homeostasis (along with the hypothalamus)? | pituitary gland |
| What is another name for the posterior pituitary gland (that indicates it’s function)? | neurohypophysis |
| Where do signals for regulation of the posterior pituitary come from in the HT? | magnocellular neurosecretory neurons in the paraventricular nucleus and supraoptic nucleus |
| What is the term for what activates the magnocellular neurosecretory neurons? What are they sensitive to? | osmosensitive |
| What do magnocellular neurosecretory cells release/secrete into the neurohypophysis? | oxytocin and ADH (vasopressin) |
| What is the function/result of ADH? | increases water resorption by kidneys |
| What is the function/result of oxytocin? | causes smooth muscle contraction in uterus and mammary glands AND maintaining ionic homeostasis |
| What is the collective function of ADH and oxytocin? | stress response and social behavior |
| What is another name for the anterior pituitary gland (that indicates it’s function)? | adenohypophysis |
| Where do signals for regulation of the anterior pituitary come from in the HT? | parvocellular neurosecretory neurons in the HT tuberal region |
| Where do the parvocellular neurosecretory neurons project to? | the median eminence |
| What do parvocellular neurosecretory neurons do at the median eminence? | release Hormone-Releasing Factors into the pituitary portal system (to enter the bloodstream) |
Created by:
mbyess
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