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HIST 2322 - MIDTERM
June 11 / July 7, 2008 - SAC
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Reconquista | Muslims removed from Spain 1492 --> Fall GRENADA |
| Portugese | 1st dominatos asian trade. Poorest country in western europe. |
| Prince Henry | 1419. Astrolabe (latitude), lanteen sales (crosswinds), volta do Mar (sailing w/ winds). Led expeditions down African coast, canary islands, Azors (raised sugar cane, colonized) |
| Diaz/DeGama | 1488 DIAZ: 1st travers Cape Good Hope. DEGAMA: 1498 1st European travers Cape Good Hope, reached Calicut, India. Cristianity & Spices (Pepper, cinnamon) |
| Malacca | Portugese base until 1641 -->dutch. Original toll booth: made $$, forced merchant ships to pay dues at fortified trade sites. |
| Reason: Portugese Trade demise | Small and weak nation |
| Columbus landing | Guanahani landing. Met Tainos Indians. Sends delegates seeking Chinese emperor. |
| Vespucci, Amerigo | (blank) |
| Magellan, Ferdinand | 1st CREW to go around world. Killed in Phillipenes (knocked up chief's daughter) |
| Obliteration: Indians | Aztecs, Incas pop. 10m. 5-25m in Carribean --> 300 in Dominica |
| Slavery: Americas | 1500-1800 Slaves largest migrant group. 5yr. Life expectancy |
| Columbian Exchange | EUROPEANS: Smallpox/Horses. NEW WORLD: Corn/Potatoes/Syphillis. Increased world pop. by spreading NEW FOOD CROPS. |
| Spain/Phillipenes relations | Spain forces natives --> conversion Catholicism |
| VOC | United East India Company. Control spice production (indonesia) |
| Pacific Ocean Explpration | England 1700s |
| Cook | 3 pacific expeditions 18th c. |
| Reformation | LUTHER |
| Calvin | Swiss. "Institutes of the Christian Religion," publication codifying Protestant teachings |
| Spanish Inquisition | (blank) |
| Charles V | Spain/Portugal/Austria/Italy/Netherlands/Holy Roman Emperor, N/S America, Australia, Africa, Asia. Controlled (inherited) most of world, EVER. FAILED to revive empire. |
| Netherlands Independence | 1640s embraces Reformation. Became independant, but geographical SPLIT: Protestant N/Catholic S |
| Council of Trent | 1545-1563. Catholic church's reformation. Acknowledges abuse of ppl |
| Henry VIII | Broke w/ Catholic Church b/c he wanted divorce. Formed Anglican Church (Church of England) |
| Elizabeth I | High point of religious wars btwn ENG/SPAIN. Phillip II sent Spanish Armada against ELizabeth II, which she defeated. |
| Witchcraft | Probably caused by tensions btwn Catholics/Protestants. Women = 75% accused; 95% condemned. |
| 30 Years War | 1618-1648 Number one consequence: European nations viewed each other as soveighrn and = |
| Constitutional Monarchy | England 15/1600s - Merging --> democracy. |
| Louis XVI | SUn King. Versailles. "Le tat ses moi!" I am the state. Absolute monarch w/ large army. Promoted Economic development. Utilizes middle class as officials, esentially BANKrupts France. |
| James II | 1680s Catholic king exiled to France |
| William of Orange | Accepts English Bill of Rights: Parliament Makes laws, raises taxes, armies, and is elected. |
| English Bill of Rights | Parliament makes lawas, raises taxes, armies, and is elected |
| Balance of Power | base of European diplomacy |
| Putting out system | England Indstrial revolution of 1700s. Entrepreneurs moved production to countryside b/c cheaper. $$ --> rural households --> city guilds |
| SMITH, Adam | 1776 Proposed capitalism. "The market is any place where the buyer and seller connect. |
| Tainos/Arawak | First sustaned Spanish contact. Hispanola Is. (HAITI/ DOM REP.) |
| Santa Domingo | Capitol city of Hispanola Is. |
| Cortez | destroyed Aztecs, killed Montecuzoma II |
| Pizarro | Strangled INCA leader, Altu Puhlpa. |
| New Spanish Governement | VICEROY (Spanish Gov.), controls New Spain for Spanish king. AUDIENCIAS checks Viceroy's power by reviewing his descisions. --> set up by distrusting king |
| Spanish pecking order | PENINSUARAS held top gov positions. born in Spain. 2)CREALAS whites born new world. 3)MESTIZOS mixed Spanish/Indian. 4) MULATTOS Spanish/Black. 5)NATIVES |
| Treaty ot TOrlaidasilla | Pope mediated treaty btwn SPAIN/PORTUGAL: Essentially divides world. |
| CABRAL | Portugese explorer who discovers Brazil in new Portugese territory |
| Jamestown | Barely avoided starvation b/c Indian assistance |
| 1492-1800 Indian population | 5-10m --> 600,000 |
| Peru Marriages | Only area w/ many Spanish women, white inter-marriages |
| English Marriages | Rarely married Indians. "Squaw man," "Filthy Indian lovers" |
| French Marriages/"Matis" | Town = french women, Furtraders = indians. MATIS children |
| French trading deals | Axes/knives/metal/guns/powder |
| Spanish Economic interests | #2 SILVER, #1 Agriculture-Sugar Cane |
| Brazilain sugar industry | Sugar and imported African slave labor. |
| Indentured servants | Slaves unessesary...7 year contracted workers |
| 7 years war/French and Indian War | 1756-1763 leads to BRITISH control. English engage PRUSSIAN allies to combat FRENCH. |
| George Wathington | Arrogantly attacked civilians under white flag |
| Prussia | Allied w/ ENGLAND during 7 years War |
| Control of Guam | Spainish control due to loaction directly btwn Acupulco/Manilla |
| Discovered Hawaii | 1778 Cook. Killed in 1779 - Petty theft confrontation |
| Songhai | 14-1600s Major African empire. GAO most important city, w/75,000 pop. |
| Sunni Ali | Founder/most influential ruler. Standing army. Niger river patrol navy. |
| Swahili City-states | 1497-98. Vasco DEGAMA fought there. PORTUGESE conquered totally by 1505. |
| Kango/Congo: Captiol, Rulers | Capitol: Imbanta. King Nzinga Mbemba (converted to Catholicism: Alfanso I). Queen Nzinga led 40 year revolt against PORTUGESE in Angola. |
| Antonian Movement | Donna BEATRIZ. Taught that Jesus was black; Congo was the Holy Land |
| Best among S. African Archeological sites | Great Zimbabwe |
| Islam and Christianity in Africa | Both syncretic versions of originals; incorperated African animist beliefs. |
| Triangular Trade | 1) Firearms ---> Africa, 2) Slaves ---> Americas, 3) Sugar ---> Europe |
| Middle Passage | 4-6 week trip to New World (slaves). 25% died. 18th c = high point slave trade. TOTAL = 16m |
| Year Denmark abolished slavery | 1803. 1st Nation to do so. |
| MING Hong Wu | 1360s-1640s est. dynasty replacing Yuan. Yong LEE moved capitol to Beijing. Began FOOT BINDING. |
| Zheag He | 1405-1433: SEVEN majoy voyages, 317 ships, 28,000 men. Trader. Routes still unknown. |
| RICCI, Mateo (book) | Jesuit priest. "True Meaning of the Lord in Heaven." Christianity and Confucianism are compatible |
| Eight Legged Essays | Chinese civil service exam. |
| WAN Li | Emperor who refused to meet w/ his own officials |
| Chinese Books | COnfuscian classics, Tang Poetry, Pornography (Pillow Books) |
| Peasants held in highest regard: why? | attributed to Confucianism |
| Nurhaci | set up centrilized confucian state: MANCHURIA. |
| The Chinese Emperor - natives' beliefs | "Son of Heaven." Maintained earth's order. Chinese believe weather could signal need for dynasty change. |
| KANG Xi | Conquered TAIWAN. 1683. Americans side with freedom-seeking Taiwanese; Tibet. (CHING dynasty) |
| QIAN Long (books) | 1736-1795 had 94,000 pamphlets printed of chinese cultural works. "Complete Library of the Four Treasuries" |
| 1750-1850 Doubling Chinese Population. Why? | 225m-->400+m. New strains of rice, which ripened earlier. |
| CHING dynasty & Footbinding | Allowd to continue: represented women's subjegation. |
| Nagasaki | Only location (Dutch) traders allowed, everyone else fobidden completely |
| Emperor | allegedly controls china, but actually Shogun hold power (JAPAN) |
| Shogun | Hold control of Japan |
| Bakafu | "Tent governement." Temporary. A shogun ruling temporarily for an emperor. (JAPAN) |
| Daimyo | Territorial Lords (JAPAN) |
| Samuri | (& Damyo) See power and influence decline by 1850. |
| Ihara Saikaku (book) | "The Life of A Man Who Lived for Love." Greatest writer of the 17th c. Re: A man who devoted his life to sex. |
| Floating World/Love Hotels | Entertainment pleasure district (JAPAN)/FOr married couples....kinky, themed rooms. |
| Osman Bey | Founder of the ottoman dynasty in N.W. Anatolia (TURKEY) |
| Ottoman armies | GHAZI - Muslim religions warriors/drafted. JANNISARIES - voluntary, elite, Christian warriors. Choose new sultans by tipping cooking pots on parade ground to signal desire for resignation. |
| Hagia Sofia/Aya Sofya | Huge cathederal in Constantinople, overturned to Musilms, well preserved. |
| Mehmet | After conquering CONSTANTINOPLE, changed Hagia Sofia to Aya Sofya, a muslim mosque. |
| Selim the Grim | conquered EGYPT, SYRIA. |
| Suleyman the Great | 1526 BATTLE OF MOHECS. Defeated HUNGARY, and killed king. Achieved BALTICS for Ottomans. |
| Barbarossa Pasha | Admiral who brought Ottoman might to MEDITERRANIAN |
| PIRIEIS Pasha (book) | Admiral/Cartographer. Wrote "Book of Seafaring," a navigational text . Included INCREDIBLE ACCURATE map of the world, today. |
| Dhimmi | "Protedted ppl" by sultan. Included ALL NON-MUSLIMS |
| Safavid Empire | Traced ancestry to Sufi religious leader, Sufi Aldeen |
| Shah Ishmael | (blank) |
| Shah Abbas | 1588-1629. SAFAVID power peak. Allowed Christian missions in capitol/ |
| Mughal Empire | Founded by Saddir Haldin/Bubar |
| Akbar | Humane ruler, brought religious toleration, placed Hindus in top gov. positions. #1 wife = Hindu. Attempted creation of syncretic religion for simultanious worship. |
| Shah Jhan | Revived tratition of heirs fighting to death for throne rights. Overthrown by son: AURANGZEB, who surpresses Hindus (80% pop INDIA). |
| Russia backround | began 1800s in Kiev, Ukraine. Prince of Moscow united contending city-states. Czar is the russian word for Caesar. |
| Ivan III | Moscow @ Russian center. Russia: heir of Byzantium; married Byzantine emperor's niece. Double headed eagle: Russian symbol. Moscow = "Third Rome." |
| Ivan IV the Terrible | (blank) |
| oprichinini | Russia's first secret police, set up by Ivan the Terrible and still in existance today. Emblem = dogs head and a broom. Instituted TERROR. |
| Boyars | Russian nobility. Chief obstacle to Ivan IV. |
| Romanov dynasty | 1610-1918 |
| Bogdon Khmelnitsky | 1660s led revolt which put the Ukraine under Russian control |
| Nikon | Russian patriarchl; head of the Russian Orthadox. Changes some beliefs rituals, and bring it under the contorl of the Czar. Leads to a schism with old believers. |
| Peter I (the Great) | Inspired by Western Europe. Forces switch to European clothing, capitol --> St. Petersburg on the Baltic sea. European style Navy, reorganizes Army. |
| Swedish invasion of Russia | 1708. Attempt to stop Russian growth. Russians retreat until Swedes destroy themselves, cut off from supplies. |
| Catherine II - the Great | Killed Peter III, assumed throne. German who loved everything Russian. |
| Peter III | Killed by Catherine II. Loved everything German. |
| 1649 Serfs as Private Property law | Allowed Boyars to sell serfs as private property. 1812 Russians took Alaska, traversed Northern CA. Got peasants to migrate to Siberia; serfdom illegal east of Urals. |
| Intelligencia | Voltaine, to Catherine: "I wish I had your job instead of mine." Catherine: "I have to write on human skin, which is far more ticklish." Education/literature blossomed. |
| The Pale of Settlement | Programmed by the Russians: Space in polarnd where Jews required to live. |
| Russian women | Gained financial independene, maintained control of dowries after marriage. |
| Astrakhan | Ceter for RUssian trade wuth ottoman/svadid/mughal empires. |
| Russia - Science 1700s | DISASTER. One noted scientist discovered atmosphere on Venus. |
| Paul I | Decided autocratically to invade India, is Assasinated for descision. |
| Alexander I | Son of Paul I. Bizarre as Ivan IV. Fascination with Napoleon. Liberal ---> COnservative. Proclaimed dead in 1825. |
| Nicholas | Took throne after Alexander I. Opposed to erfdom, but afraind to ablolish slavery. Crushed revolts all over Europe. Fought CRIMEAN WAR. 1918: family murdered. |
| Poupular sovereignty | People's rule. Revolutionaries' general focus. |
| Rosseau, Jean Jacque | wrote "Social Contract," which said government was the members of a society acting collectively |
| Locke, John | wrote "Second Treatise of Civil Government," people retain personal rights rulers cannont infringe upon. |
| Arkwrite, Richard | invents spinning machine. TEXTILE INDUSTRY develops as first major industry. |
| Seven Years War | ENG/PRUSSIA vs. FRA/AUS/RUS. England accuses colonies of high treason and imposes taxes on colonies. Washington assumes command of colonial army. |
| Declaration of Independance. | JEFFERSON. based upon Magna Carta, English Bill of RIghts, Locke. ADAMS/FRANKLIN edited it. King George called a war criminal. Said we were ablolishing slavery, but took that out. England distracted by overseas war, and Americans won independance. |
| Articles of COnfederation governement | one branch gov. often required 100% vote. Not effective: can't raise $$ or tax. |
| Federal COnstitution | ratified 1787. |
| French Revolution | 14 July French independance, anniversary storming of Bastille. People unhappy with Lousis' spending habits. Laws passed to restrict kings' power. |
| National Assembly --> COnvention --> Directory -->Consulate | Various forms of government instituted by the French |
| Paine, THomas | Sparked both French and American revolutions with book, "Common Sense," and "RIghts of Man." |
| Pierre, Robes | the Incorruptible. Controlled the most radical period of the revolution. killed and ended the COnvention |
| COde Napoleon | civil code calling for religions tolerantion and equality for all (adult men). ENds feuds between Catholics and Protestants |
| Louvature | French slave in HAITI who leads successful revolt. Captured and died in French jail. 1804 Independance (assisted by Yellow Fever). |
| Napoleon | 1804 becomes Emperor.Invades russia with 600,000, leaves with 60,000. Exiled to Island of ALba, again exiled to isle St. Helena. |
| de Inturbide, Augustine | 1821 won Mexico's independance. Declared emperor, exiled, returned, executed. Ditto Maxamillian |
| Bolivar, Simon | Wanted to weld S. America into one big nation; Failed |
| Von Herder, Johann | Volksgeist to express German uniqueness. Begins idea of "Master Race." 1870: Gerany unites |
| Cavorre, Geravaldi | unites Italy in late 19th c |
| Stanton, Elizabeth Kady | organized Seneca Falls conference to demand female equality. Wante dequal rights ammendment to constitution |
| Anthony, Susan B. | Campained with Stanton. Organizer. |
| Paul, Alice | gets Booby prize...women's vote |
| Nightengale, Florence | Cremean war: institutionalized nursing. Cholera/yellow fever most common ailment. |
| Barton, Clara | American civil war: institutionalized nursing |
| Crimean War | 1855 ENG/FRA vs. RUSto prevent conquer of Ottoman Turkey |
Created by:
goldmeg89
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