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Pulmonary
Advanced Patho EXAM 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the first and second process of respiration? | 1st=alveolar respiration 2nd=perfusion |
| Describe ventilation. | Air into lungs/exchange of gases |
| Why does perfusion have to occur? | has to occur for oxygen to get to tissues and into blood |
| What is a pulmonary emboli (PE)? | Undissolved detached material that occludes blood vessels of the pulmonary vasculature |
| Most PEs originate from? | DVTs or from the deep veins of the lower extremities |
| What are other types of PEs, other than DVTs? | fat, air, amniotic fluid, CA (tumor), foreign material |
| What are risk factors for PEs? | sepsis, parasitic, immobility, pregnancy, trauma, heart failure, estrogen use; and virchows triad |
| What is virchow's triad? | hyperocaguability venous stasis/sluggish blood flow damage to venous wall |
| What is COPD? | chronic and recurrent obstruction of airflow of the pulmonary airways that cause a mismatch of ventilation and perfusion |
| What is the major cause of COPD? | cigarette smoking |
| COPD consists of what two disease/illness? | emphysema and chronic bronchitis |
| What are the s/s of emphysema? | progressive exertional dyspnea, SOB, accessory muscles, pursed lip breathing, cough, may hunch forward to breathe better, prolonged expiration, barrel chest |
| What causes chronic bronchitis? | repeated infections, genetic predisposition, inhalation of irritants |
| What are the s/s of chronic bronchitis? | usually overweight, SOB with exertion, excess sputum, edema, smoking HX, chills, aches, fatigue, cough, increased sputum production in a.m. |
| How does heart disease affect the lungs? | Right or left sided heart failure can lead to pulmonary congestion and impaired gas exchange |
| How does lung disease affect the heart? | due to poor gas exchange, lung disease can lead to hypoxia which causes vasoconstriction of pulmonary vessels, which elevates pulm artery pressure & increases workload on R ventricle |
| Most common pneumonia is caused by what? | strep pneumoniae |
| How does pneumonia enter the system (3 ways/sources)? | (1) aspiration of oropharyngeal secretions, (2) inhalation of contaminants (virus), or (3) contamination from the systemic circulation |
| How does pneumonia affect breathing? | There is inflammation of the alveoli and bronchioles which impairs gas exchange |
| In the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve, what causes a shift to the left? | hypothermia, alkalosis, decreased PaCO2 |
| In the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve, what causes a shift to the right? | hyperthermia,anemia, decreased cardiac output |
| How do chemoreceptors work to protect the body? | they are defense mechanisms |
| Where are the central chemoreceptors located? | in the medullary center |
| What do chemoreceptors respond to? | Changes in pH, CO2 and O2 levels |
| Describe Obstructive Pulmonary Disorders. | characterized by airway obstruction and limitation in expiratory flow |
| List the types of Obstructive Pulmonary Disorders. | Asthma,Acute and Chronic bronchitis, or Emphysema |
| Describe Restrictive Pulmonary Disorders. | Result from inflammatory conditions that affect lung structures and produce lung fibrosis and a stiff lung |
| List the types of Restrictive Pulmonary Disorders. | ARDS,Infant Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Pneumothorax, Pneumonia |
| What is tidal volume (TV)? | the volume of air inspired (or exhaled) with each breath; usually about 500mL in avg adult |
| What is FEV1? | the forced expiratory volume that can be exhaled in 1 second |
| What is residual volume? | air left after max exhale |
| What is ventilation-perfusion? | the matching of adequate volume of air in the alveoli to adequate pulmonary blood flow |
| What are two important substances that help the alveoli function correctly? | Surfactant and alpha1 antitrypsin |
| What is a nl Va/Q? | 4/5 |
| What does a high Va/Q? indicate? | means they are hyperventilated, alveolar ventilation not perfused, ↓ PCO2, NL PaO2 |
| What does a low Va/Q indicate? | it means they are underventilated, ↓ PaO2 (hypoxia) |
| What is infant respiratory distress syndrome (aka hyaline membrane disease) | a lack of surfactant leading to increased alveolar surface tension and decreased lung compliance |
| How can infant respiratory distress syndrome be fatal? | the infant can die from exhaustion |
| At what pregnancy week is surfactant produced in greater qualities? | after week 32 |
Created by:
lbl317537
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