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Jewish History Test
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Where are Ashkenazi Jews from? | Western Europe |
| Where are Sephardi Jews from? | Spain |
| First Wave | Sephardic Jews from Spain (1654 - 1800s) |
| Second Wave | German and Polish Jews (1830 - 1880) |
| Third Wave | Eastern European (mostly Russian) Jews (1880 - 1920) |
| First time Jews came to Canada | 1750 |
| Canada in 1750? | New France (colony of France) |
| Which was the only religion allowed in New France? | Catholics |
| How did Jews immigrate to New France? | By hiding their Judaism, by converting but practicing Judaism in secret or by converting |
| When did Britain take over New France? | 1759 |
| First major wave of Jews arriving in New France | 1760 |
| Where did the Jews go and come from when they arrived in New France? | Came from USA, went to Montreal |
| What kind of Jews arrived in New France? | Sephardic Jews, mostly well-educated |
| How many Jews were living in British North America in 1831? | 197 000 |
| What kind of jobs did Jews in British North America do? | Traders and businessmen |
| What are the major Jewish centres in Canada? | Vancouver, Toronto and Montreal |
| Which law prohibited Jews from entering New France? | The Black Code of 1685 |
| How many Jews came to North America in the First Wave? | 23 |
| First Wave Route | Spain > Amsterdam > Brazil > New Amsterdam (NY) and Newport |
| Second Wave Route | Poland and Germany > United States (West, South, Midwest) |
| Third Wave Route | Eastern Europe (Russia) > NYC > Montreal and Toronto |
| Push factors of First Wave | Expulsion |
| Pull factors of First Wave | Financial opportunities, religious freedom |
| Push factors of Second Wave | Poverty, violence, persecution + discrimination |
| Pull factors of Second Wave | Safety, religious freedom, new opportunities |
| Push factors of Third Wave | Pogroms |
| Pull factors of Third Wave | New opportunities, safety, religious freedom |
| First wave jobs | Trade, import, export, business |
| Second wave jobs | Banking, financing, store owners |
| Third wave jobs | Garment industry, push-cart pedlars |
| Religious life - First wave | Sephardic |
| Religious life - Second wave | Orthodox + Reform |
| Religious life- Third Wave | Didn't adapt, spoke Yiddish, Orthodox, Ashkenazi |
| How did Esther Brandeau enter New France? | By pretending to be a man and taking a boat from France to New France |
| Did Esther Brandeau stay in New France? | No bc she refused to convert to Catholicism |
| How did Marianne Perious enter New France? | Snuck in, wanted to find adventure and a husband |
| Did Marianne Perious stay in New France? | Yes bc she converted to Catholicism |
| Why did many Jews work in the garment industry? | Bc they had lots of experience from EU (didn't own farms), filled a niche market, didn't have to speak English or be educated and all you need is a room + a sewing machine (doesn't cost a lot of money) |
| In 1740 were Jews allowed to be citizens of England? | No |
| In 1740 were Jews allowed to be citizens of British North America? | Yes |
| What did Samuel Jacobs achieve? | Founded a brewery in Louisbourg, was a leading business man of the colony, was colony's largest importer, supplier to British Army |
| What was Samuel Jacobs' relationship to Judaism? | Added his Hebrew name to his formal signature, wrote Hebrew, refused to join or contribute to synagogue, married a Catholic and raised his kids as Catholics, in court swore on Jewish bible |
| What was the role of Jews in business and trade in British North America? | Opened new routes, negotiated w/ First Nations, opened many businesses |
| What was the role of Jews in politics in British North America? | Signed petitions + declarations for reform and representative assembly, against Quebec Act, took government and military positions |
| What challenges did Jews face in the early 19th century? | No Jews women, so Jewish men married non-Jews + their children were not Jewish |
| Name and location of Canada's 1st synagogue, founding date? | Shearith Israel, Montreal, founded 1768 |
| Ethnicity | Affiliation that results from cultural or racial ties |
| Religion | Set of beliefs concerning the cause, nature and purpose of life that usually involves ritual observances and a moral code that guides conduct of behaviour |
| Religious | To practice one's religion |
| Race | A group of people related by common descent or heredity |
| Culture | Behaviours and beliefs that are characteristic of a particular social, ethnic or age group and/or the ways of living built up by one group of the people and transmitted from one generation to another |
| Nationality | status of belonging to a particular nation and having ties to this nation |
| Secular | Not pertaining to or connected with religion, spirituality or sacred |
| Secularization | to make secular and separate from religious or spiritual connection |
| Assimilation | Process of absorbing one cultural group into harmony with another, ppl of different backgrounds come to see themselves as part of a larger national family |
| Atheist | Person who doesn't believe in the existence of G-d |
| Agnostic | Person who holds existence of G-d + essential nature of things are unknown |
| Apostasy | Total desertion or departure from one's religion |
| Acculturation | Process of adopting cultural traits of social patterns of another group |
| Anti-Semitism | Discrimination, hostility or persecution of Jews |
| Racism | Belief that differences among various races determine ability for achievement, usually involving the idea that one's own race is superior |
| Purpose of synagogues during immigration | Served as central community institution |
| First wave: acculturation or assimilated? | Acculturation bc they had Sunday school, which is a Christian idea |
| Second wave: Assimilated or acculturated? | Assimilated bc lots of intermarriage |
| Which wave of immigration showed the most diversity in Jewish backgrounds and denominations? | The Second Wave |
| Religious life in 1900s? | Observed High Holidays, celebrated life cycle events, children of immigrants no longer keep kosher, decline of Shabbat observance, many didn't belong to synagogue |
| Immigration? | Moving to a different country |
| Emigration? | When someone leaves their native country |
| Why was the Gradis family important to New France? | The colony of New France was dependant on the Gradis family bc the Gradis family used the money they made to provide food, supplies and ammunition to the colony throughout the 1750s |
| Where did Jews first settled when they came to Toronto? | St. John's Ward |
| What was St. John's Ward like? | Very crowded, poor, unmaintained slums |
| Why did the Jews move to Kensington Market? | More space, better housing/accommodations, better life, cheaper rent |
| Denomination | Branch of religion united under common beliefs + practices |
| 4 Major Jewish Denominations | Orthodox, Reform, Conservative, Reconstructionist |
| What are all denominations of Judaism connected to? | G-d/Godliness, spirituality, Torah, Israel, larger Jewish ppl |
| What do different denominations of Judaism differ about? | divinity of Torah, Halacha, role of women, Israel, modernity |
| Oldest denomination? | Orthodoxy (1000+ yrs old) |
| Newest denomination? | Reconstructionism (less than 100 yrs old) |
| Which denomination has the most Jews in North America? | Reform Judaism |
| Which denomination has the least Jews in North America? | Reconstructionism |
| Just Jewish? | Not associated w/ any denominations, usually secular |
| Orthodox Judaism? | Believes in traditional interpretation + application of Torah laws, observant/traditional Judaism, wide range, difficult to define |
| What are the different issues facing Orthodoxy today? | Growing polarization, women's issues, lack of unity |
| Polarization | Haredi + Modern Orthodox are growing apart |
| What is Hasidism? | Branch of Haredi (ultra-orthodox) Judaism |
| When + where did Hasidism begin? | 1700s, Eastern Europe |
| How do Hasids promote spirituality? | Through mysticism |
| Who is the leader of the Hasidic community? | Their Rebbe |
| Different sects of Hasidic Judaism? | Based on town of origin, different sects = different traditions |
| What are some examples of different Hasidic sects? | Bobov, Lubavitch (Chabad), Satmar |
| How do Hasidic Jews pray? | Prayer is accompanied by melodies called nigunim; believe in importance of kavanah (mental concentration) |
| What do Hasidic men wear? | Dark jackets, trousers, white shirts, black hat, tzitzis, kippot encircled by fur |
| Why do Hasidic men dress the way they do? | Historically the dress of all Eastern European Jews, symbolizes importance of tradition |
| Bekishe | Long black silk coat |
| Payot | Hebrew word for sidelocks or side curls |
| Divinity of Torah for Orthodox Jews? | Vry committed to Torah, believe Torah is God's direct written + spoken communication from Mt. Sinai |
| Halacha for Orthodox Jews? | Believe in Shulchan Aruch, Torah, Talmud, Jews must follow Halachah |
| Role of women for Orthodox Jews? | No egalitarianism, women can't read Torah, women do charity + community work, mechitza- separation between men + women in shuls, men lead religious services, in some shuls, women can read D'var Torah, women do charity + community work |
| Halacha? | Jewish law |
| Israel for Modern Orthodox Jews? | Modern Orthodox support gov't of Israel |
| Israel for Haredi Jews? | Do not support Israeli gov't bc not run by Orthodox law + no Messiah yet, believe in Israel as land G-d promised for us + allows Jews to fulfill specific mitzvot |
| Modernity for Modern Orthodox Jews? | Completely modernized |
| Modernity for Haredi Jews? | Not allowed to attend mixed-gender universities, interact w/ non-Jews often, be exposed to non-Jewish ideas or media |
| When + where did Reform Judaism begin? | 19th century Germany (1800s), 200 yrs ago |
| Why did Reform Judaism begin? | Bc they were committed to Judaism + Jewish values + wanted to be members of German society |
| What did the first Reform Jews believe? | In changing Judaism to be active in both Jewish + general society |
| Tikkun Olam in Reform Judaism? | Central |
| Reform Judaism | Affirms G-d, Torah + Israel; believes Judaism must change + adapt to modern society to survive; believe in including all Jews, believe in Tikkun Olam, believe all humans are created in the image of G-d + are G-d's partners in healing the world |
| Tikkun Olam? | Charity + mitzvoth |
| Issues facing Reform Judaism? | Pluralism (no clear consensus on rules) + low communal participation |
Created by:
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