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ANP 202 Exam 1
ANP 202 Exam 1 Study Guide
| Front | Back |
|---|---|
| What is Anthropology | The science of human cultural and biological variation and evolution. |
| What are the Four Subfields of Anthropology | 1. Cultural Anthropology 2. Archaeology 3. Linguistic Anthropology 4. Biological Anthropology |
| What are the Subfields of Physical Anthropology? | 1. Primatology 2. Paleoanthropology 3. Human Variation |
| What is the Scientific Method? | The Process of Science Observations -> Form Hypothesis -> Test Hypothesis -> Create Theory |
| Who was Plato? | 427?-347 B.C., Invented the Concept of Essentialism |
| Who was Linnaeus? | The "Father of Taxonomy" Created Binomial Nomenclature: Example (GENUS species, HOMO sapiens) First person to classify humans with other animals, specifically primates |
| Who was Lamarck? | Jean-Baptiste Lamarck (1744-1829) Created the idea of Inheritance of Acquired Characteristics, Fluids and Forces |
| Who was Darwin? | Charles Darwin (1809-1882) Father of Darwinian Evolution, sailed on the Beagle from 1831-1836, and while on this trip he noticed variation between many species. |
| Who was Lyell? | Charles Lyell (1797-1875) Geologist, wrote Principles of Geology, invented the concept of Uniformitarianism. Conclusion: Change occurs over vast time scale |
| Who was Malthus? | Thomas Robert Malthus (1766-1834) Economist, created the "Malthusian Dilemma" Conclusion: Nature selects by killing |
| Who was Mendel? | Gregor Mendel (1822-1884) Father of Modern Genetics (Mendelian Genetics) Pea Plant Experiments |
| What is Essentialism? | In Terms of Plato, it's the idea that the Essential universe was a perfect universe that he felt had to exist. The Perceived universe (the one we live in) was a facade, an overlay that we could see. |
| What is Intelligent Design? | The idea that the biological world was created by an intelligent entity and did not arise from natural processes. |
| What is Evolution? | Change in living organisms over time. |
| What are the Mechanisms of Evolution? Describe them | 1. Mutation 2. Natural Selection 3. Genetic Flow 4. Genetic Drift |
| What is Fitness? | An organism’s probability of survival and reproduction, and is measured by the relative contribution of a genotype to the next generation. |
| Describe what Nested Hierarchy is. | Class->Order->Genus->Species A way to classify organisms based on characteristics into more detailed subclasses. |
| What is Microevolution? | Genetic changes within populations from one generation to the next. |
| What is Macroevolution? | Long-term patterns of evolution over thousands and millions of years, as well as the origin of new species. |
| What is Population Genetics? | The branch of genetics which deals with the patterns of genetic transmission in populations over time, and which forms the mathematical basis of evolutionary theory. |
| What is Breeding Population? | The proportion of a population that chooses mates from within that group. |
| What is Adaptation? | The process of successful interaction between a population and an environment. Cultural or biological traits that offer an advantage in a given environment are adaptations. |
| What is DNA's structure? | Constructed of Four Bases: 1. Adenine 2. Thymine 3. Guanine 4. Cytosine Double Helix shape, Sides of the "Ladder" comprised of Phosphate and Deoxyribose Sugar |
| What are Insertions? Deletions? | The loss or gain of one or a few nucleotide bases. |
| What are Mendel's Laws? | 1st "Law" = Segregation 2nd "Law" = Independent Assortment |
| What is a Punnett Square? | A diagram used to predict probability of a specific genotype. |
| Describe the idea of Continuous Variaition. | Variation within a population in which a graded series of intermediate phenotypes falls between the extremes. |
| What is Allele Frequency? | The relative proportion of each allele within a population. |
| What is Genotype Frequency? | The number of individuals with each genotype divided by the total number of individuals in the population. |
| What is the Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium? What factors does it take into account? What is its purpose? | Method of determining expected genotype frequencies given allele frequencies in a population. Factors: 1. No Mutation 2. No Selection 3. No Migration 4. Large Pop Size 5. Random Mating |
| What is Bergmann's Rule? Provide Examples. | If two mammals have similar shapes but different sizes, the smaller animal produce less heat and will lose it proportionally faster than a large one. Therefore, smaller animals are better adapted to warmer climates. |
| What is Allen's Rule? Provide Examples. | If two mammals with the same volume have different shapes, one that is elongated will lose heat faster than one that is compact. Thus, appendages (tails, limbs, ears, noses) tend to be shorter in cold areas of species’ ranges. |
| What is the correlation between Skin Color Variation and Adaptation? | Darker Skin adapts in high UV environments to protect from UV Rays, allows less Vitamin D production. Lighter Skin adapts in low UV Environments to allow more UV in, produces more Vitamin D. |
| What is the Vitamin D Hypothesis? | UV radiation needed to synthesize vitamin D, needed by humans for proper bone growth. Therefore, skin color adapts to environment to help increase/decrease Vitamin D production. |
| What is the Founder Effect? | When a small number of individuals start a new population, all the descendants are derived from them. |
| What is Non-Random Mating? | Patterns of mate choice within a population. |
| What is Sickle Cell Anemia? | Non-Infectious Disease which changes the shape of blood cells from circular to sickle. Causes many health problems. |
| What are Haplotypes? | Combination of alleles at a given loci on a chromosome that are inherited together. |
| What are Anthropometrics? | The study of human body measurement for use in anthropological classification and comparison. |
| What is Biological Race? | A population, or group of populations, within a species that has measurable, defining biological characteristics and an Fst of at least 0.25 relative to other populations of the species. |
| What is Genetic Distance? | The genetic divergence between species or between populations within a species. |
| What is Cold Stress? | Process of excessive heat loss which leads to compensatory mechanisms to regulate core body temperature. Decrease in body temperature lower than the normal body temperature results to cold stress. |
| What is Heat Stress? | Too much heat being absorbed by a person, a plant or an animal. |
| What is Hypoxia? | The body having difficulty supplying itself with oxygen. |
| What is Nutritional Stress? | Inadequate nutrition of total nutrients. Not getting enough nutrients |
| What is Junk DNA, and how does it help us better understand Evolution? | Junk DNA is DNA that is never transcribed into mRNA (It is Non-coding). It helps us better understand evolution because we can trace junk DNA back to its sources since it doesn't change. Shows common ancestors and how we are linked to other organisms. |
| Define: Hypothesis | A supposition or proposed explanation made on the basis of limited evidence as a starting point for further investigation. |
| Define: Fact | Something that is confirmed to be true. |
| Define: Uniformitarianism | Theory that states that the geologic processes we observe in the world today, such as erosion or continental drift, operated in the same way in the past. |
| Define: Taxonomy | The science of describing and classifying organisms. |
| Define: Phenotype | The observable appearance of a given genotype in the organism. |
| Define: Genotype | The genetic endowment of an individual from the two alleles present at a given locus. |
| Define: Trait | A genetically determined characteristic or condition. |
| Define: Gene | A DNA sequence that codes for a functional polypeptide or RNA product. |
| Define: Codon | A sequence of three adjacent nucleotides constituting the genetic code that determines the insertion of a specific amino acid in a polypeptide chain during protein synthesis or the signal to stop protein synthesis. |
| Define: Proteins | Composed of one or more chains of amino acids. Fundamental components of all living cells and include many substances, such as enzymes, hormones, and antibodies, that are necessary for the proper functioning of an organism. |
| Define: Amino Acids | The building blocks for proteins. They link together by peptide bonds to form proteins or that function as chemical messengers. |
| Define: Non-coding DNA | DNA that doesn't help in the process of protein creation. |
| Define: Mitosis | The process of replication of chromosomes in body cells. |
| Define: Meiosis | The creation of sex cells by replication of chromosomes followed by cell division. |
| Define: Mutation | A mechanism for evolutionary change resulting from a random change in the genetic code; the ultimate source of all genetic variation. To have evolutionary importance, however, the mutation MUST occur in a sex cell. |
| Define: Frameshift | All the codons after the shift are incorrect. HEY MAN HOW ARE YOU BRO Insertion: HEY MAN HOQ WAR EYO UBR O__ Deletion: HEY MAN HWA REY OUB RO_ |
| Define: Diploid | Full set of 23 pairs of chromosomes (total = 46) |
| Define: Haploid | Half set of chromosomes (total = 23) |
| Define: Crossing-Over | The exchange of DNA between chromosomes during meiosis. |
| Define: Genome | The total DNA sequence of an organism. In humans, the genome is approximately 3 billion base pairs in length. |
| Define: Segregation (Mendel) | Law that states that sex cells contain on of each pair of alleles. |
| Define: Independent Assortment (Mendel) | Law that states that the segregation of any pair of chromosomes does not affect the probability of segregation for other pairs of chromosomes. |
| Define: Polygenic | A complex genetic trait affected by two or more loci. |
| Define: Regulatory Genes | A gene that acts as a genetic switch to turn protein-coding genes on or off. |
| Define: Homeobox Genes | A group of regulatory genes that encode a sequence of 60 amino acids regulating embryonic development. Specifically, they subdivide a developing embryo into different regions from head to tail that then form limbs and other structures. |
| Define: Pleiotropy | A single allele that has multiple effects on an organism. |
| Define: Heritability | The proportion of total variation of a trait due to genetic variation. |
| Define: Homozygous | When both alleles at a given locus are identical. Opposite of Heterozygous |
| Define: Heterozygous | When the two alleles at a given locus are different. Opposite of Homozygous |
| Define: Codominant Alleles | When both alleles affect the phenotype of a heterozygous genotype, and neither is dominant over the other. |
| Define: Allele | The alternative form of a gene or DNA sequence that occurs at a give locus. Some loci have only one allele, some have two, and some have many alternative forms. Alleles occur in pairs, one on each chromosome. |
| Define: Frequency (Genotype/Phenotype) | Genotype: Number of individuals with a given genotype divided by the total number of individuals in population. Phenotype: A ratio of individuals with a particular phenotype to the total number of individuals in the population. |
| Define: Population | All the individuals of one species in a given area. |
| Define: Natural Selection | The process whereby the organisms better adapted to their environment tend to survive and produce more offspring. |
| Define: Vasoconstriction | The constriction of blood vessels, helps retain body heat. |
| Define: Vasodilation | Increases convection of heat (transfer of heat through air molecules). |
| Define: Evaporation | Loss of heat through conversion of water to vapor |
| Define: Molecular Mimicry | Disease organism possesses molecules on its surface that mimic those found on RBCs of particular blood types. The individual is then less able to recognize these as foreign substances. Ability for a disease to camouflage itself. |
| Define: Lactase Deficiency (Lactose Intolerance) | A condition in which an older child or adult lacks the ability to produce lactase (enzyme needed to digest milk sugar lactose) |
| Define: Lactase Persistence | Continued activity of the enzyme lactase in adulthood. Essentially, the ability to drink milk as an adult. |
| Define: Melanin | Brown pigment secreted by cells (melanocytes) in the bottom layer of skin. Responsible for most of the variation in skin color. |
| Define: Gene Flow | Movement of genes from one population to another. |
| Define: Genetic Drift | Random change in allele frequency from one generation to the next. Small populations are very prone to drift and alleles can go to fixation quickly. |
| Define: Inbreeding | Mating of biologically related individuals. Results in consanguinity. Can be deliberate or random. |
| Define: Assortative Mating | Mating on the basis of phenotype similarity or dissimilarity. |
| Define: Exogamy | The tendency to choose mates from outside the local population. |
| Define: Polymorphism | When two or more clearly different phenotypes exist in the same population of a species. |
| Define: Malnutrition | Condition that results from eating a diet in which certain nutrients are lacking, in excess (too high an intake), or in the wrong proportions. |
| Define: Obesity | Medical condition in which excess body fat has accumulated to the extent that it may have an adverse effect on health, leading to reduced life expectancy and/or increased health problems. Negative impact on survival |
| Define: Fst | Fixation Index, measure of population differentiation due to genetic structure. |
| Define: Acclimation (Form of Adaptation) | Short-term physiologic responses to a stress, usually within minutes or hours (increased heart rate at altitude) |
| Define: Acclimatization (Form of Adaptation) | Long-term physiologic responses to a stress, usually taking days to months (increase in RBC production at altitude) |
| Define: Developmental Acclimatization (Form of Adaptation) | Changes in organ or body structure that occur during the physical growth of any organism in response to a stress (increased chest circumference when maturing at altitude) |
Created by:
Bishxc
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