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ST110 A&P CH. 2
Chemistry, Cellular Structure, and Function
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the stages of mitosis? | interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase |
| What does the medical term one mean? | mono- |
| What do organelles contain? | mitochondria, golgi, and endoplasmic reticulum |
| What does the medical term many mean? | poly- |
| What does the medical term two mean? | bi |
| Carbohydrates are also known as? | sugars |
| Proteins are composed of building blocks called? | amino acids |
| What is not a function of the plasma membrane? | ribosomes |
| In what stage of mitosis does DNA replicate? | interphase |
| In what stage of mitosis does chromatin granules become organized and spindle fibers appear? | prophase |
| In what stage of mitosis does chromosomes align across center of the cell? | metaphase |
| Two-rod shaped organelles that migrate and participate in cell division is known as? | centrioles |
| What is not one of the primary groups of organic compound? | carbons |
| ATP stands for? | active transport energy |
| What does not require cellular energy? | passive diffusion |
| Neutral substance of the pH level is what? | 7 |
| Fundamental unit of a chemical is? | atom |
| What is the basic unit of life? | cell |
| What is the steady state within the organism? | homeostasis |
| What does physiology mean? | study of function |
| What does microbiology mean? | study of microscopic plants and animals |
| What does pharmacology mean? | study of drugs and their actions |
| What is defined as anything that takes up space? | matter |
| What elements are identified on the periodic table? | gas, liquids, and solids |
| Oxygen, Carbon, Hydrogen, and Nitrogen make up how much percent of the human body? | 96 percent |
| Elements are composed of what? | atoms |
| An atom consist of a nucleus containing what? | protons and neutrons, with electrons in orbit around the nucleus |
| What denotes the atomic number of an element? | the number of protons |
| What equals the atomic weight? | the number of protons plus the number of neutrons |
| Electrons have what kind of charge? | negative |
| Protons have what kind of charge? | postive |
| Neutrons have what kind of charge? | neutral |
| What is formed when two or more atoms combine? | molecule |
| Atoms of different elements combine, the molecules can also be called what? | compounds |
| What is the most abundant substance in living cells? | water |
| What is water used for? | participates in key cellular reactions known as universal solvent and functions. |
| Respiration, temperature control, protects fetus, brain, and spinal cord, and body lubricant are all what of water? | functions |
| Atoms combine by what? | bonding together and sharing electrons |
| What happens when atoms combine and bond together? | a molecule or a compound is formed |
| What is a electrolyte? | molecules that associates in water to form individual ions |
| What are hydrogen bonds? | they hold molecules together |
| What denotes an electron? | electron donor |
| What accepts an electron? | electron acceptor |
| What accepts electrons for a short time then loses them? | electron carriers |
| Water and some acids, bases, and salts are examples of what? | inorganic molecules |
| A chemical reactions in which water is added to the subunits of a large molecule to break it apart into smaller molecules is known as what? | hydrolysis |
| Why is oxygen needed? | to release energy from nutrients and is used to drive the cells metabolism |
| What is released as waste product during energy releasing metabolic reactions? | carbon dioxide |
| Substances that release ions in water are called what? | electrolytes |
| What are acids? | electrolytes that release hydrogen ions in water |
| What are bases? | electrolytes that release hydroxide ions in water |
| What are carbohydrates? | provide energy for cellular activities |
| What are carbohydrates composed of? | carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen |
| What are the four major compounds? | carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acid |
| What are the three main parts of the cell? | plasma membrane, cytoplasm, and nucleus |
| What is composed of inner and outer membranes and is involved with energy releasing chemical reactions? | mitochondria |
| What is also known as the "power plant" of a cell? | mitchondria |
| How many chromosomes contain DNA? | 46 |
| What is anabolism? | builds larger molecules from smaller ones- requires energy |
| What is catabolism? | breaks down large molecules to smaller ones- releases energy |
| What is the branch of the natural sciences that deals with the composition substances and their properties and reactions? | chemistry |
| What is kinetic energy? | energy in motion |
| What is the substance that can be broken down into two or more other substances by chemical means? | compound |
| What determines the atomic number of an atom? | the number of protons |
| Lipids are also known as? | fats |
| What is composed of chains of molecules? | triglycerides |
| What is cell shape? | controlled by the extra cellular matrix and the cytroskeletal structure within the cell |
| Who coined the term cell? | Robert Hooke |
| A positively or negatively charged atom is referred to as? | ion |
| What are the subunits of nucleotides? | nucleic acids, RNA, and DNA |
| What is cytoplasm? | material that lies within cytoplasmic membrane |
| What is carried out in the cytoplasm of a cell? | cell expansion, growth, and replication |
| What is the immediate area surrounding the cytoplasm? | cytoplasmic membrane |
| What are membranes composed of? | phospholipids and proteins |
| What retains the cytoplasm? | the cell membrane |
| What forms the package for our genes and guides the life process of the cell? | nucleus |
| What is the site where ribosomal RNA is transcribed, processed, and assembled into ribosome subunits? | nucleous |
| What are organized packages designed for the storage of genetic material? | chromatin |
| What digest waste materials and food within the cells? | lysosomes |
| What are vacuoles? | membranous sacs that are formed when a portion of the cell membrane folds inward and pinches off |
| What is the transport network for molecules targeted or certain modifications and specific final destinations? | endoplasmic reticulum |
| cilia and flagellar propulsion, muscle contraction, and white blood cells that move into surrounding tissues and seek invaders are considered what? | examples of cell movement |
| What serves as storage units for hereditary information? | the nucleic acids, RNA, and DNA |
| What is the process known as when two strands separate and each one serves as a temple to make another complementary stand. | semiconservative replication |
| Cell division for eucaryotic cells is called what? | mitosis |
| What results in formation of gametes? | meiosis |
| The process of oxidizing food molecules to carbon dioxide and water is known as? | cellular respiration |
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casenichole
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