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Chapter 17/18
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| absolutism | ruler (usually a king) had complete control over the people's lives and the government; usually rule with divine right |
| Sea Dogs | English sea captains who looted Spanish treasure; Sir Francis Drake (most famous) looted Spanish American cities |
| inflation | rise of prices |
| Divine Right | the belief that the right to rule was given by God |
| Huguenots | French Protestants of the 1500s and 1600s; persecuted severely |
| Cavaliers | loyal to the king; win a string of victories but Roundheads turn the tables with new leadership |
| Roundheads | loyal to Parliament; new leadership under Oliver Cromwell lead them to victories |
| English Bill of Rights | 1. Parliament is superior to the monarchy 2. House of Commons had no power of the purse 3. No Catholics on the throne 4. Trial by jury, no cruel or unusual punishment, habeas corpus |
| westernization | to adopt western ideas, technology and culture |
| intendants | a royal official who collected taxes, recruited soldiers and carried out the kings policies in the provinces |
| Puritans | English Protestants who regarded the the Reformation of the English Church as incomplete and wanted simpler worship |
| Hapsburgs | royal family that originated in Austria; King Ferdinand wanted to suppress the Protestants and control nobles |
| Tudors | brings stability to England after civil war with the nobles; HenryVII, Henry VIII, Edward VI, Bloody Mary, Elizabeth I |
| partition | to divide up; Catherine the Great does this to Poland, dividing it among 3 countries (Austria, Prussia, Russia) |
| Stuarts | when Elizabeth dies, James I (cousin) becomes ruler or Scotland and England; begins Stuart Dynasty |
| Romanovs | Russian ruling dynasty |
| Bourbons | European ruling dynasty in France; Henry IV |
| Hohenzollern | Kings of Prussia; united their lands, bureaucracy, reduced independence of the nobles, |
| Sir Francis Drake | most famous English Sea Dog; looted Spanish cities in America |
| Oliver Cromwell | Puritan given military control of the Roundheads; quickly retains army and begins to defeat the Cavaliers |
| Cardinal Richelieu | chief minister of France; appointed by Louis XIII in 1624; he devoted 18 years to strengthening the central government |
| Colbert | imposed mercantilism policies to bring wealth to treasury; cleared new lands for farming; put high tariffs on imported goods; fostered overseas colonies |
| Spanish Armada | -Phillip prepares armada to invade England, strange weathers enables lighter/ faster English ships to destroy the Spanish - Spanish travel around England more bad weather - defeat ends hope of invading England = Spanish naval power decreases |
| 30 Year's War | large religious war that ends political; all of Europe fights in war; King Ferdinand wants to suppress Protestants; rebels toss 2 officials out window |
| Results of 30 Year's War | massive depopulation of Europe; diseases and famines spread |
| Peace of Westphalia | ends conflicts of 30 Year's War; choose own religion (Germany); HRE divided up/ not much unity; France becomes dominant power in world and nobles have the power |
| English Civil War | fought between the Cavaliers and Roundheads; Cavaliers start strong but the Roundheads rise up; out king on trial (Charles I) executed and Parliament takes control |
| War of Spanish Succession | |
| War of Austrian Succession | -primarily against Frederick II (Prussia) - Maria Theresa strengthened army, reorganized tax structure, eased taxes and labor services to serfs |
| Glorious Revolution | Charles II takes father's throne and avoids his mistakes; allows all forms of Protestantism and restores Anglican Church; james II takes throne but gets replaced by daughter and husband arrive, no blood (glorious) |
| St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre | 3000 Huguenots killed; symbolized a breakdown of order in France |
| Edict of Nantes | issued by Henry IV to protect the Protestants by granting Huguenots religious toleration |
| Long Parliament | Charles I called Parliament then dissolved it and kept repeating that |
| Russian War w/ Sweden | Russia, Denmark, Poland and Saxony oppose Sweden; ends with Sweden losing its imperial possessions in central Europe and Russia becoming major power in Baltic (Peter the Great) |
| Phillip II | gains control of Italy, Netherlands and Spain; enforced religious unity (Inquisition) against Protestants; absolute monarch; views Elizabeth as main Protestant enemy; Spanish Armada |
| Henry IV | Huguenot; fought against Christians then became one; issued Edict of Nantes; laid the groundwork for future kings to rule without any check on their power |
| Louis XIV | faced an uprising of nobles, merchants and peasants; Fronde (effort to take power away from the king); decides to take complete control; Sun King ("I am state"); builds French army to strongest European force |
| Charles I | Catholic sympathies; dissolves Parliament when they refuse to give him tax money; borrows too much from private citizens; calls them back and forces them to sign Petition of Right |
| Petition of Right | immediately after Parliament signs, dissolves again; runs into more trouble, forced to call Parliament back over Scotland trouble; begins Bishops War (forcing Scots Anglican Church); army is needs money calls Parliament back |
| Maria Theresa | first woman to rule Hapsburg empire; strengthens army; reorganized tax structure |
| Frederick William | develops well trained army; created efficient bureaucracy; reduces independence of the nobles |
| Frederick the Great | used army to invade Silesia (Hapsburg) and eventually claims for Prussia; formed alliances to keep balance of power |
| Peter the Great | set out to study western Europe; recruited team from west to westernize Russia; expands territory (Baltic Sea) , mighty army, ends era of isolation from western Europe; uses terror to enforce absolute power |
| Catherine the Great | expands Russian border; warm water port on Black Sea, partition of Poland; absolute monarch |
| Versailles | palace of Louis XIV; symbol of royal wealth and power; allowed nobles to stay in it to prevent threat to his power |
| St. Petersburg | new capital city on newly acquired land from Sweden; window to the west; beautiful architecture; planned city streets and parks |
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ninjabunny0
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