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WHAPCh7
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Cyrus | Achaemenid; tough wily leader, outstanding military strategist; seized Median overlord, all of Iran, Lydia, Bactria, Babylonia, became ruler of an empire; died of a mortal wound; buried in a simple tomb at his palace in Pasargadae |
| Achaemenids | First emperor Cyrus, Cambyses, Darius; largest empire yet; gov was a balance between central initiative and local administration; governers to oversee various regions; built roads; fell b/c of difficulties between rulers and subject peoples |
| Cambyses | son of Cyrus; conquered Egypt and brought its wealth into Persian hands |
| Darius | Greatest Achaemenid emperor; expanded E+W; encompased many different land forms+largest empire yet; established lines of communication with realm; regularized tax levies and laws; |
| Persepolis | capital of the Achaemenid empire; administrative center+monument to dynasty; nerve center of the persian empire; |
| Satrapy | administrative and taxation districts governed by Satraps; 23 in the Achaemenid empire; loosely governed; military officers and tax collecters checked their power |
| Eyes and Ears of the king | spies who traveled among the satrapies with militaries to check their power; helped Achaemenid rulers maintain control over a vast empire |
| Croesus | Lydian King who Cyrus overtook in Anatolia; developed the idea of standardizing coins which fostered trade (guy from the green thing in the beginning) |
| Royal Road | from Ephesus to Anatolia; built postal stations; aided communication and trade, contributing to the large economy of the Achaemenid empire |
| Xerxes | Darius's successor (son); had difficult relations with subject peoples; people in Mesopotamia and Egypt began to rebel; Xerxes harshly repressed these, gained negative reputation |
| The Persian Wars | Greeks; Darius and Xerxes both sent expeditions to conquer Greece, but failed; spars continued for 150 years; ended with Alexander of Macedon- army was smaller but had heavier arms and better tactics; took over and continued Achaemenid administration |
| Seleucus | when alexander died, generals fought among themselves- Seleucus won in Persia; retained the Achaemenid systems of administration for 25 years |
| Seleucids | founded new cities and attracted Greek colonists to occupy them; faced oppposition from native Persians; satraps often revolted; lost control in India; seminomadic Parthians took over Iran; Seleucids continued to Rule until 83 BCE when Romans took over |
| Parthians | empire in Iran to Mesopotamia; no central gov, org by a federation of leaders who met in councils and determined policy for all allied groups; skillful warriors; developed cavalry fighting by making horses stronger by feeding them Alfalfa; followed |
| Parthians cont. | Achaemenid administration; capital at Ctesiphon; less central regime (b/c nomadic); allowed clan leaders to be satraps, who often rebelled; but were shut down; fell b/c of Roman invasion, internal rebellion, and sasanids |
| Mithradates I | Parthians' greatest conqueror |
| Sasanids | Persian, claimed to be direct descent of Achaemenids; capital at Ctesiphon; traded; after Shapur, entered a standoff relationship with Kushan, Roman, and Byzantine empires; conflicts among these ended Sasanid empire- Arabs continued persian techniques |
| Shapur I | helped the Sasanids stabilize their western frontier and creatd a series of buffer states between Rome; defeated several Roman armies and put them in Iran to share their engineering skills |
| qanat | underground canals; advaned agricultural production and population growth |
| Zoroastrianism | not monotheistic; deity Ahura Mazda; allowed humnas to enjoy the world and its fruits-wealth, sexual pleasure, social prestige- in moderation; "good words, good thoughts, good deeds"; attracted aristocrats; Darius revealed his devotion for AM; |
| Zarathustra | Founder of Zoroastrianism; aristocratic family, priest-did not like traditional religion+its focus on sacrifices+rituals; left his family, experienced visions, convinced that the supreme god Ahura Mazda had chosen him to serve as prophet |
| Ahura Mazda | "wise lord"; Zoroastrian supreme deity, creator of all good things; 6 lesser deities in the Gathas; adversary was Angara Mainyu; Darius: great god who created earth, sky, humanity; most pop in Iran; |
| Gathas | Zarathustra's works of hymns tha he composed in honor of the various deities that he recognized |
| Magi | priests of Zoroastrianism, transmitted teachings orally, then writing, then in a holy book known as the Avesta under the Sasanids; |
| Avesta | holy book of scriptures from Zoroastrianism during the time of the Sasanids |
| Angara Mainyu | independent adversary who conflicted with Ahura Mazda; "hostile spirit"; would disappear forever after 12000 years |
| Parsis | "Persians"; descendants of Zoroastrians in India |
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AlanaR
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