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Sociology 21 century
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Sociology | The scientific study of social structure and social interaction and of the factors making for change in social structure and social interaction |
| Scientific method | An objective and judicious approach to empirical evidence. scientists are objective cuz they don't allow their personal opinions to enter their scientific work; judicious because they require an a lot of evidence before arriving at a conclusion |
| Theory | An explanation for the relationship between certain facts |
| Social structure | The relatively permanent components of our social environment |
| Social Interaction | The acts people perform toward one another and the responses they give in return |
| Alienation | A situation in which people are estranged from their social world and feel life is meaningless |
| Mechanical Solidarity | Social solidarity based on shared values |
| Organic Solidarity | Social Solidarity based on functional interdependence among people |
| Anomie | A social condition in which social norms are conflicting or entirely absent |
| Rationalization | The replacement of traditional thinking with rational thinking, or thinking that heavily emphasizes deliberate calculation, efficiency, and effectiveness in the accomplishment of explicit goals. |
| perspectives | Our mental pictures of relative importance of things |
| Functions | Actions that have positive consequences for society |
| Dysfunctions | Actions that have negative consequences for society |
| Manifest functions | Functions that are intended or recognized by others |
| Latent functions | Functions that are unintended or unrecognized by others |
| Social power | The ability to get others to conform to one's wishes even against their own desires |
| research methods | the techniques, practices, and ethics involved in gaining new knowledge |
| Qualitative methods | Research techniques designed to obtain the subjective understanding, interpretation, and meaning of social behavior. |
| Structured interview | A procedure in which respondents are asked the same series of questions and the answers are recorded in a standard format |
| Life history | A long interview, or series of interviews, in which the researcher attempts to discover the essential features, decisive moments, or turning points in a respondent's life. |
| Participant observation | Type of observation in which the researcher participates in the activities of the group in order to obtain an in-depth and intimate understanding of it. |
| quantitative methods | research techniques designed to produce numerical estimates of human behavior. |
| Survey | A systematic procedure for gathering information, usually through the application of standardized interviews or questionnaires |
| Population | In the context of a research project, any group that the researcher is studying, such as all the students in a class, all the inmates in a prison, or all the women in a society |
| Sample | A small number of cases selected to represent the entire population. |
| Representative sample | A sample that in its characteristics mirrors the population from which it comes |
| Random sampling | a sampling procedure in which everyone in the population has an equal chance of being selected as a respondent |
| Experiment | A method for studying the relation between two or more variables under highly controlled conditions |
| Experimental Group | In an experiment, the group to whom the experimental stimulus is administered |
| Control group | In an experiment, the group not exposed to the experimental stimulus but used as a comparison with the experimental group |
| culture | the mutually shared products, knowledge, and beliefs of a human group or society. |
| Society | a grouping that consists of people who share a common culture, obey the same political authority, and occupy a given territory |
| Cultural universals | similar cultural solutions in different societies for similar problems of survival |
| Values | the preferences people share about what is good or bad, right or wrong, desirable or undesirable |
| Norms | the specific expectations about how people behave in a given situation |
| folkways | norms concerning relatively unimportant matters. |
| Mores | norms concerning very serious matters |
| Taboos | Norms about matters that are so serious as to be beyond comprehension. |
| Symbol | A representation that stands for something else |
| Language | words that are symbols and rules for conveying complex ideas |
| Ethnocentrism | the belief that one's own culture is superior to all other cultures |
| cultural relativism | the belief that each culture is unique and must be analyzed and judged |
| multiculturalism | the belief that culture should be viewed from the perspective of different groups |
| Mode of subsistence | the manner in which a society obtains the basic materials necessary to sustain itself; the most basic feature of society |
| Hunting and gathering societies | societies that obtain the sustenance primarily though hunting game animals and gathering nuts, berries, and other wild plants and that are held together by kinship ties and by simple division of labor based on age and gender |
| Horticultural societies | societies in which the cultivation of domestic plants satisfies most needs for food |
| pastoral societies | societies that derive most of their sustenance from raising domesticated animals |
| Agrarian Societies | Societies whose technology of food production is such that annual food surpluses are used to support larger populations and permanent settlements |
| Industrial societies | societies that rely on technology and mechanization as the source of sustenance |
| post industrial societies | societies based primarily on the creation and transmitting of specialized knowledge |
| transitional societies | societies that are partly agrarian and partly industrial and whose population members are largely peasants |
| Great social Transformation (GST) | the profound change in social relationships from communal to associational brought about by industrialization urbanization, bureaucratization, rationalization, and globalization. |
| communal society | a society characterized by rich personalized relationships and in which the main social units are family, kin, and community |
| Associated society | A society in which social relationships are often highly impersonal and the main social units are organizations, corporations, and bureaucracies. |
| Cultural lag | the tendency for elements of material culture to change more rapidly than elements of non-material culture. |
| Human Agency | the activities of individuals or groups aimed at attaining a goal or end |
| Ideology | the pattern of beliefs that legitimizes a particular societal arrangement. |
| Invention | a new material or nonmaterial product resulting from the combination of known cultural elements in a novel manner. |
| Discovery | noticing something that has not been noticed before |
| Diffusion | the transmission of a cultural element from one group or society to another |
| Socialization | the process by which people learn the skills, knowledge, norms, and values of their society, and by which they develop their social identity |
| Deviance | Any violation of a widely held norm |
| Life course | consists of the stages into which our life span is divided, such as adolescence and middle age |
| Primary socialization | Early socialization that stresses the basic knowledge and values of the society |
| Secondary Socialization | Socialization following primary socialization that emphasizes synthesis, creativity, logic, emotional control, and advanced knowledge. |
| Agents of Socialization | The individuals, groups, organizations and institutions that provide substantial amounts of socialization during the life course |
| Self | A perception of being a distinct personality with a unique identity |
| looking glass self | the process through which people imaginatively assume the reactions of people. |
| Role model | a person who serves as an especially important reference point for our thoughts and actions. |
| Moral Socialization | Socialization to the "moral" values of society |
| Deviance | Any violation of a widely held norm |
| Social controls | Mechanisms that monitor behavior and sanction the violation of norms |
| Internal social controls | seated within the individual that are learned through socialization |
| External social controls | The societal mechanisms external to the individual that prevent deviance. |
| Laws | a body of rules governing the affairs of a community that are enforced by a political authority, usually the state |
| Crime | An act that has been declared illegal by some authority |
| Stigma | A social Marker that brings shame on a person |
| Labeling | the process by which a definition is attached to an individual |
Created by:
Camelionlemx
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