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Study Helper #12 A&P
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the superior of the three bones comprising the sternum? | Manubrium |
| It is the widest and thickets of the sternal bones and being broad superiorly and narrow inferiorly is roughly triangular in shape? | Manubrium |
| What type of bone is the sternum made of? | Highly vascular trabecular bone encased in compact bone and the medulla containes red bone marrow. |
| What is the superior border of the manubrium? | Suprasternal Notch |
| Where are the oval articular facets of the clavicle located? | On either side of the suprasternal notch on the manubrium |
| Brain and spinal cord make up the? | Central Nervous System |
| Cranial & spinal nerves make up the ? | Peripheral Nervous System |
| What are division of the Peripheral Nervous System? | Somatic & Autonomic Nervous System |
| Somatic Nervous System fibers lead to the? | Skin & Skeletal Muscles |
| Which division of the PNS functions independantly and have fibers that lead to digestive orgain & heart? | Autonomic Nervous System |
| What are the 3 types of Neuroglial Cells of the nervous system? | Microglial, Astrocytes, Oligodendroglial Cells. |
| Which two ions are in the axon of a nerve impulse? | Potassium & Sodium |
| Center for thousands of reflex arcs? | Spinal cord |
| Right side of brain controls which side of body? | Left (tracts cross over in medulla) |
| Sensory nerves move in which direction in spinal cord? | Upward in Ascending tracks. |
| Motor nerves move in which direction in the spinal cord? | Downward in descending tracks |
| How many meninges are there? | 3-surround the brain and spinal cord |
| Outer Meninges? | Dura Mater |
| Middle Meninges? | Arachnoid Membrane |
| Interior Meninges? | Pia Mater |
| Describe Pia Mater? | Very thin, follows closely with contours of the brain,filled with Cerebrospinal fluid |
| What is Cerebrospinal Fluid? | CSF-Clear tissue fluid, protective cushion within the CNS, supplies nutrients and filters waste |
| Somatic & Autonomic Systems are? | Peripheral Nervous System PNS |
| Somatic system responses to ? | Outside stimulii |
| Which system provides innervation to heart, blood vessels, visceral organs, glands and all organs of smooth muscle? | Autonomic Nervous System |
| In the peripheral nervous system, the myelin is produced by ? | Schwann Cells |
| Are the spinal nerves all mixed nerves? | YES |
| Do spinal nerves serve specific body regions? | Yes |
| Each area of the body sends its sensory information into the spinal cord at the nearest level spinal nerve. Each of these body regions is called a ? | Dermatome |
| Afferent Nerves are? | sensory |
| Efferent Nerves are? | Motor |
| What extends from foramen magnum to L2? | Spinal cord |
| Behind brainstem-handles balance, coordination, smooth moovement? | Cerebellum |
| What are cell bodies surrounding cerebrum? | Cerebral Cortex |
| Lobe of cerebrum-Motor? | Frontol Lobe |
| Lobe of cerebrum-Touch/Movement? | Parietal Lobe |
| Lobe of cerebrum-Hearing? | Temporal Lobe |
| Love of cerebrum-Vision? | Occipital Lobe |
| Top of brainstem? | Diencephalon |
| Relays info to appropriate lobe of cerebrum? | Thalamus |
| Able to interpret at a very vague/non-localized leve pain, touch, pressure? | Thalamus |
| Receives infor from ANS? | Hypothalamus |
| Integrates nervous/endocrine system? | Hypothalamus |
| Relays info up/down tracts? | Midbrain |
| Respiratory function area of brain? | Pons |
| Ascending/descending tracts cross here? | Medulla Oblongata |
| Vasomotor Center (blood pressure) of brain? | Medulla Oblongata |
| Cardia center of brain (heart rate + force)? | Medula Oblongata |
| Non-Vital reflexes (sneezing & coughing) area of brain? | Medula Oblongata |
| Reticular activity-triggers different leves of consiousness? | Medulla Oblongata |
| Carries 80% of parasympathetic neurons? | Vagus Nerve |
| Decreases heart rate, increases digestion? | Parasympathetic Nervous Systom |
| Cranial nerve 1-2 located? | Higher brain |
| Cranial nerves 3-4 located? | Midbrain |
| Cranial nerves 5-8 located? | Pons |
| Cranial nerves 8-12 located? | Medulla |
| Which cranial nerves have parasympathetic neurons? | 3, 7 9 10 |
| Pairs of cervical nerves? | 8 |
| Pairs of thoracic nerves? | 12 |
| pairs of lumbar nerves? | 5 |
| Pairs of sacral nerves? | 5 |
| Pairs of coccyxageat nerves? | 1 |
| Nerves eminate mostly from cranial and sacral areas? | Parasympathetic |
| Cranial Nerve #1 | Olfactory Nerve |
| Cranial Nerve #2 | Optic Nerve |
| Cranial Nerve #3 | Occulomotor Nerve |
| Cranial Nerve #4 | Trochlear Nerve |
| Cranial Nerve #5 | Trigeminal Nerve |
| Cranial Nerve #6 | Abducens Nerve |
| Cranial Nerve #7 | Facial Nerve |
| Cranial Nerve #8 | Vestibulocochlear Nerve |
| Cranial Nerve #9 | Glossopharyngeal |
| Cranial Nerve #10 | Vagus Nerve |
| Cranial Nerve #11 | Spinal Accessory Nerve |
| Cranial Nerve #12 | Hypoglossal Nerve |
| Olfactory Nerve | Smell |
| Optic Nerve | Vision |
| Oculomotor Nerve | Eyelid & eyeball movement |
| Trochlear Nerve | Innervates superior oblique , turns eye downward and laterally |
| Trigeminal Nerve | Chewing, face & mouth, touch & pain |
| Abducens Nerve | Turms eye laterally |
| Facial Nerve | Controls most facial expressions, secretion of tears & saliva, taste |
| Vestibulocochlear (auditory) Nerve | Hearing, equilibrium, sensation |
| Glossopharyngeal Nerve | taste, senses, carotid, blood pressure |
| Vagus Nerve | senses aortic blood pressure, slows heart rate,stimulates digestive organs, taste |
| Spinal accessory nerve | Controls trapezius, & sternocleidomastoid |
| Hypoglossal Nerve | Controls tongue movements |
| Which cranial nerve governs this function-Controls trapezius? | Spinal accessory |
| Which cranial nerve governs this function-Controls digestive system? | Vagus |
| Which cranial nerve governs this function-Chewing? | Trigeminal |
| Which cranial nerve governs this function-Vision? | Optic |
| Which cranial nerve governs this function-Smell? | Olafactory |
| Which cranial nerve governs this function-Turns eye downward & laterally? | Trochlear |
| Which cranial nerve controls swallowing movements? | Spinal Accessory |
| Which cranial nerve governs facial expressions? | Facial Nerve |
| Which cranial nerve turns eye laterally? | Abducens |
| Which cranial nerve governs hearing? | Vestibulocochlear (Auditory) |
| Which cranial nerve turns eye downward & laterally? | Trochlear |
| Which cranial nerve governs eyeball & eyelid movement? | Oculomotor |
| Which cranial nerve governs smell? | Olafactory |
| Which cranial nerve governs eye movements? | Hypoglossal |
| Which cranial nerve senses carotid blood pressure? | Glossopharyngeal |
| Which cranial nerve governs sternocleidomastoid? | Spinal Accessory |
| Produce myelin in Peripheral Nervous System? | Schwann Cells |
| Diaphragm contracts (upon stimulation by phrenic nerve) and lowers, drawing in air. What process is this? | Inhalation |
| Diaphragm/Intercostals relax. What process is this? | Exhalaton |
| Saliva contains amylase for beginning digestion of? | Carbohydrates |
| Saliva released upon? | Parasympathetic innervation |
| Parotid, submandibular, sublingual? | Major salivary glands |
| What juice contains enzymes to break down fats, carbohydrates and protein? | Pancreatic |
| What organ secretes bile through bile duct into duodenum? | LIver |
| What emulsifies fats? | Bile |
| What is protein converted to? | Amino acids |
| What is breaking down molecules into smaller elements (releases energy)? | Catabolism |
| What is anabolism? | Building up molecules from smaller elements (requires energy) |
| What is Micturition? | Urinating |
| What is deglutition? | Swallowing |
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