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Studyhelper #10 A&P
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Pectoralis Minor has what action on the scapula? | Protraction |
| What is the insertion of the biceps brachii? | Radial tuberocity of the radius |
| The hamstrings all originate from what common structure? | Ischial Tuberosity |
| Name a muscle that extends the trunk? | Sacrospinalis |
| What muscle action depresses the corner of the mouth? | Platysma |
| What is the deepest layer of connective tissue of a skeletal muscle? | Endomysiium |
| A bundle of muscle fibers withinh a skeletal musce is called? | Fasciculus |
| Standing on your toes as in ballet requires? | Plantar Flexion |
| The superficial calf muscles all insert on what bone? | Calcaneus |
| Name the muscle used in raising your eyebrows? | Occipitofrontalis |
| The white flat tendinous sheet attaching the external oblique to the linea alba is called? | Aponeurosis |
| The ankle joint is what type of synovial joint? | Hinge |
| Give an action for the posterior deltoid? | Extension of arm |
| Which muscle retracts the scapula? | Rhomboid |
| When kicking a football, the action of the leg at the knee is? | Extension |
| The action that moves the distal end of the radius across the ulna, as in criss-crossing the bones, is? | Pronation |
| Name a mjuscle that inserts on the Coracoid process? | Pectoralis Minor |
| The muscle that inserts on the olecranon process is? | Triceps Bracii |
| Give an action for the triceps brachii muscle? | Extension of arm and forearm |
| Name a muscle that elevates the scapula? | Levator Scapulae |
| Give an action for the gluteus maximus? | Laterally rotate, extend thigh |
| Name a muscle that abducts the thigh? | Gluteus medius, minimus |
| The insertion tendon of what muscle group contains the large sesamoid bone, the patella? | Quadriceps Femoris |
| The common tendon for insertion of the gastrocnemius and soleus is called the ? | Calcaneal Tendon |
| The basic shape of the articular surface in a gliding joint is? | FLAT |
| The inner layer of the articular capsule of a synovial joint is the? | Synovial Membrane |
| The basic functional unit of compact bone is the? | Osteon |
| In the process of osteolysis what happens? | The bony matrix is dissolved to realse stores minerals |
| Elevated levels of calcium in the blood stimulate the secretion of? | Calcitonin |
| The sternum would be an example of what type of bone? | Flat |
| In compact bone the Haversian canals are lined up? | Parallel to one another |
| If the rate of osteolysis exceeds the rate of osteogenesis the bone will become? | Thinner |
| A benign tumor of the parathyroid glands would cause blood levels of parathyroid hormone to increase. What would you expect to occur as a result of this condition? | Increased osteoclast activity and resultant loss of bone |
| Which bones contribute to the formation of the orbit? | Lacrimal, sphenoid, ethmoid, frontal |
| The zygomatic arch is formed by the union of bony processes from which two bones? | Temporal bone and zygomatic bone |
| The prominent bulge that can be palpated just posterior and inferior to the external auditory meatus is the? | Mastoid Process |
| Four bones that have a paranasal air sinus? | Frontal, Ethmoid, Sphenoid, Maxilla |
| The most significant growth of the skull occurs prior to what age? | 5 |
| The thickest intervertebral discs are located in the? | Lumbar region |
| Distally the radius articulates with the ? | Ulna, lunate and scaphoid |
| The bones that form the palms of the hands are the? | Metacarpals |
| The medial bulge you can palpate at hyour ankle is a projection from the? | Tibia |
| When walking, 50% or more of body weight is transmitted to the ground by the ? | Calcaneus |
| The trochlea of the humerus and olecranon of the ulna would be involved in which action? | Flexion at the elbow |
| N odding your head up and down is an example of? | Flexion and extension |
| What consistes of an H-shaped core of gray matter that is composed primarily of dendrites and cell bodies of neurons? | The Spinal Cord |
| What do interneurons in the gray matter of the spinal cord do? | Transfer incoming sensory impulses to outgoing motor impulses allowing spinal cord reflexes or reflex arcs to occur. |
| What forms the outer portionof the spinal cord? | Columns of myelinated nerve fibers called spinal tracts that carry messages into and out of the brain. |
| What are the four divisions of the brain? | Brainstem, cerebellum, diencephalon and cerebrum |
| What is the lowest part of the brainstem? | Medulla |
| What connects the brain to the spinal cord? | Medulla |
| What structure lies above the medulla? | PONS |
| What structure lies above the Pons? | Midbrain |
| What does the Medulla, Pons & Midbrain do? | Function as two-way conduction pathways carrying messages into and out of other areas of the brain & contain reflex centers that control cardia, respiratory and vasomotor functions |
| What is the Cerebellum? | A small folded mass on topof the brainstem, coordinates movement, maintains equilibrium and sustains normal posture. |
| What is the diencephalon made up of? | Thalamus and hypothalamus. |
| What is a mass of gray matter that lies deep inside the cerebrum? | Thalamus |
| What helps produce sensations and associates sensations with emotions? | Thalamus |
| What plays a part in arousal, or alerting, mechanism? | Thalamus |
| Where is the hypothalamus located? | Below the thalamus |
| What exerts control over virtually all internal organs, regulates water balance, influences appetite and maintains normal temperature? | Hypothalamus |
| What is the Cerebrum? | The largest and uppermost part of the brain. |
| What controls consciousness, mental processes, sensations, emotions and voluntary movements? | Cerebrum |
| How many pairs of spinal nerves attach directly to the spinal cord? | 31 |
| How many pairs of spinal nerves attach to the cervical segments? | 8 |
| How many pairs of spinal nerves attach to the thoracic segments? | 12 |
| How many pairs of spinal nerves attach to the lumbar segments? | 5 |
| How many pairs of spinal nerves attach to the coccygeal segment? | 1 |
| What nerves conduct impulses between the spinal cord and the parts of the body not supplied by cranial nerves? | Spinal Nerves |
| Which nerves contain both sensory and motor fibers, making possible both sensationa nd movements? | Spinal Nerves |
| How many pairs of cranial nerves attach to the undersurface of the brain? | 12 |
| What do the cranial nerve fibers do? | Conduct impulses between the brain and various structures in the head and neck and in the thoracic and abdominal cavities |
| What are the two divisionof the autonomic nervous system | Sympathetic and Parasympathetic |
| What system has preganglionic neurons that have cell bodies and dendrites in gray matter of the thoracic and upper lumbar sections of the spinal cord? | Sympathetic Division |
| I the sympathetic division where do preganglionic axons leave the spinal cord? | In anterior roots of spinal nerves? |
| What synapses with postganglionic neurons? | Preganglionic Axons |
| What has dendrites and cell bodies in sympathetic gangilla or in collateral glands. | Postganglionic Neurons |
| Where are the sympathetic ganglia located? | In the front and at each side of the spinal column. |
| What do axons of sympathetic postgalionic neurons do? | Travel in spinal nerves to an array of body effectors |
| What system has dendrites and cell bodies of preganglionic neurons located in the gray matter of the brainstem and the sacral segments of the spinal cord? | The Parasympathetic Division |
| Preganglionic axons leave the regions of the brainstem and sacral segments of the spinal cord through? | Cranial & spinal nerves |
| Where do preganglionic axons terminate? | Parasympathetic ganglia that are located close to visceral effectors |
| Preganglionic neurons synapse with? | Postganglionic neurons |
| The dendrites and cell bodies of parasympathetic postganglionic neurons are located where? | The outlying parasympathetic ganglia and their short axons extend into nearby body effectors |
| What are three main parts of Neurons? | Dendrites, cell body and axon |
| What does a dendrite do? | Conduct impulses to cell body of neuron |
| What does axon do? | Conducts impulses away from cell body of neuron |
| How are neurons classified? | According to function |
| What conducts impulses to the spinal cord and brain? | Sensory neurons |
| What conducts impulses away from brain and spinal cord to muscles and glands? | Motor Neurons |
| Conduct impulses from sensory neurons to motor neurons? | Interneurons |
| What is Glia? | Neuroglia |
| What supposrts cells, bringing the cells of nervous tissue together structurally and functionally? | Neuroglia |
| hat does the word neuroglia mean? | Nerve Glue |
| The actual nerve cell is the? | Neuron |
| What is a Neuron? | It is the "conducting" cell that transmits impulses and the structural unit of the nervous system |
| These cells are nonconductive and provide a support system for the neurons | Neuroglia-They are a special type of "connective tissue" for the nervous system. |
| if a neuron is destroyed, it cannot be replaced because neurons do not go through? | Mitosis |
| Because centrioles function in cell division, the fact that neurons lack these organelles is consistent with the? | Amniotic nature of the cell |
| How many axons project from each cell body? | 1 |
| Becaue an axon carries impulses away from the cell body, it is called an? | Efferent Process |
| What are cytoplasmic extensions, or processes, that project from the cell body? | Dendrites & Axons |
| How many dendrites are on a neuron? | Varies |
| Dendrites are called "afferent" processes because? | Transmit impulses to the neuron cell body |
| Many axons are surrounded by a segmented, white, fatty substance called ? | The Myelin Sheath |
| What do myelinated fibers make up? | The white matter in the Central Nervous System |
| What is the gray matter in the Central Nervous System made up of? | Cell bodies and unmyelinated fibers |
| The unmyelinated regions between the myelin segments are called ? | The nodes of Ranvier |
| re Neuroglia capable of Mitosis? | YES |
| How many nervous systems are there as a whole in the body? | 1 |
| What is a nerve? | A bundle of peripheral axons |
| What ia tract? | A bundle of central axons |
| What is tissue composed primarily of myelinated axons (nerves or tracts) | White Matter |
| What makes up nerve coverings? | Fibrous connective tissue |
| What surrounds individual fibers within a nerve? | Endoneurium |
| What surrounds a group (fascicle) of nerve fibers? | Perineurium |
| What surround the entire nerve? | Epineurium |
| What is conducted from receptors to effectos over neuron pathways or reflex arcs? | Nerve Impulses |
| What does conduction by a reflex arc result in? | A reflex |
| What is a reflex? | Contraction by a muscle or secretion by a gland |
| What is the simplest reflex arc? | Two-neuron arcs |
| Whats are sunsory neurons synapsing in the spinal cord with motor neurons? | Two-neuron arcs |
| What are sensory neurons synapsing in the spinal cord with interneurons that synapse with motor neurons? | Three-neuron arcs |
| What is a self-propagating wave of electrical disturbance that travels along the surface of a neuron membrane? | Nerve Impulses |
| What is chemical compounds released from axon terminals (of a presynaptic neuron) into a synaptic cleft? | The Synapse |
| What are: acetycholine, catecholamines (norepinephrine,dopamine,serotonin)? | Nuerotransmitters |
| What consists mainly of the posterior pituitary gland, pituitary stalk and gray matter? | The Hypothalamus |
| What acts as a major center for controllling the Autonomic Nervous System and helps control the functioning of most internal organs? | Hypothalamus |
| What controls hormone secretion by anterior and posterior pituitary glands;indirectly helps control hormoe secretion by most other endocrine glands? | Hypothalamus |
| Where are the centers for controlling appetite, wakefulness, pleasure, etc? | Hypothalamus |
| What is a dumbell-shaped mass of gray matter in each cerebral hemisphere? | Hypothalamus |
| What relays sensory impulses to cerebral cortex sensory areas? | Hypothalmus |
| What is the second-largest part of the human brain? | Cerebellum |
| What helps control muscle contractions to produce coordinated movements so that we maintain balance, move smoothly and sustain normal posture? | Cerebellum |
| Largest part of the human brain? | Cerebrum |
| What is the outer layer of gray matter in the cerebral cortex, made up of lobes,composed mainly of dendrites and cell bodies of neurons? | Cerebrum |
| What makes up the interior of the cerebrum? | Composed mainly of white matter (nerve fibers arranged in bundles called tracts) |
| What are mental processes of all types including sensations,consciousness, memory and voluntary control of movements? | Functions of the cerebrum |
| What conducts all the way fromthe CNS to somatic effectors with no intervening synapses? | Somatic Motor Neurons |
| What serves as the emergency or stress system, controllling visceral effectos during exercise and strong emotions (anger,fear,hate,anxiety)? | Sympathetic Nervous System |
| Fight or flight response is induced by what system? | Sympathetic Nervous System |
| What system dominates control of may visceral effects under normal, everyday conditions? | Parasympathetic Nervous System |
| What preganglionic axons of parasympathetic and sympathetic systems and parasympathetic postganglionic axons release acetylcholine? | Cholinergic Fibers |
| What axons of sympathetic postgaglionic neurons release norepinephrine (noradrenaline) | Adrenergic Fibers |
| What system regulates the body's automatic functions in ways that maintain or quickly restore homeostasis? | Autonomic Nervous System |
| What happens when visceral effectors are doubly innervated? | They receive fibers from parasympathetic and sympathetic division and are influenced in opposite ways by the two divisions |
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