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Stack #1307696
A&P Chapter 1
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| anatomy | the science of body structures and the relationship among them |
| dissection | the careful cutting apart of body structures to study their relationship |
| physiology | the science of body functions-how the body works |
| levels of body organization | chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, system, and organismal |
| Embryology | The first eight weeks of development after fertilization of a human egg. |
| Developmental biology | The complete development of an individual from fertilization to death. |
| Cell biology | Cellular structure and functions. |
| Histology | Microscopic structure of tissues. |
| Gross anatomy | Structures that can be examined without a microscope. |
| Systemic anatomy | Structure of specific systems of the body such as the nervous or respiratory. |
| Regional anatomy | Specific regions of the body such the head or chest. |
| Surface anatomy | Surface markings of the body to understand internal anatomy through visualization and palpation. |
| Radiographic anatomy | Body structures that can be visualized with x-rays. |
| Pathological anatomy | Structural changes(gross to microscopic) associated with disease. |
| Neurophysiology | Functional properties of nerve cells. |
| Endocrinology | Hormones(chemical regulators in the blood) and how they control body function. |
| Cardiovascular physiology | Functions of the heart and blood vessels. |
| Immunology | The body's defenses against disease-causing agents. |
| Respiratory physiology | Functions of the air passageways and lungs. |
| Renal physiology | Functions of the kidneys. |
| Exercise physiology | Changes in cell and organ functions due to muscular activity. |
| Pathophysiology | Functional changes associated with disease and aging. |
| chemical level | basic level, includes atoms and molecules |
| atoms | smallest units of matter that participate in chemical reactions(such as carbon and or hydrogen) |
| molecules | two of more atoms joined together |
| DNA | deoxyribonucleic acid |
| cellular level | the basic structural and functional units of an organism that are composed of chemicals |
| tissue level | groups of cells and materials surrounding them that work together to preform a particular function |
| tissue types | epithelial, connective, muscular, nervous |
| epithelial tissue | covers body surfaces, lines hollow organs and cavities, and forms glands |
| connective tissue | connects, supports, and protects body organs while distributing blood vessels to other tissue |
| muscular tissue | contracts to make body parts move and generates heat |
| nervous tissue | carriers information from one part of the body to another through nerve impulses |
| organ level | structures that are composed of two or more different types of tissue; they have specific functions and usually have recognizable shapes |
| system level | related organ with a common function |
| organismal level | any living individual |
| Integumentary system | skin, and associated structures, such as hair, fingernails and toenails, sweat glands, and oil glands |
| Skeletal system | bones, joints, and cartilages |
| Muscular system | muscle tissue usually attached to bone |
| Nervous system | brain, spinal cord, nerves, and special sense organs |
| Endocrine system | pineal gland, hypothalamus, pituitary gland, thymus, thyroid gland, parathyroid gland, adrenal gland, pancreas, ovaries, and testes |
| Cardiovascular system | blood, heart, and blood vessels |
| Lymphatic system | spleen, thymus, lymph, nodes, and tonsils |
| Respiratory system | lungs and air passageways such as the pharynx, larynx, trachea, and bronchial tubes |
| Digestive system | mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, anus, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas |
| Urinary system | kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra |
| Reproductive system | gonads(testes and ovaries), uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, mammary glands, epididymides, ductus deferens, seminal vesicles, prostate, and penis |
| palpation | to examine by touch; to feel |
| auscultation | examine by listening to sounds in the body |
| percussion | examination where taps on the body surface with fingertips result in an echo |
| Basic life processes | metabolism, responsiveness, movement, growth, differentiation, and reproduction |
| metabolism | all of the chemical processes that occur in the body |
| catabolism | the breakdown of complex chemical substances into smaller components |
| anabolism | the building up complex chemical substances from smaller, simpler components |
| responsiveness | the body's ability to detect and respond to changes |
| movement | motion of the whole body, individual organs, single cells, and even structures inside cells |
| growth | an increase in body size that results from an increase in the size of existing cells, an increase in the number of cells, or both |
| differentiation | development of a cell from an unspecialized to a specialized one |
| stem cell | an unspecialized cell that has the ability to divide for indefinite periods and give rise to a specialized cell |
| reproduction | the formation of new cells for tissue growth, repair, replacement, or a new individual |
| autopsy | the postmortem(after death) examination of the body and dissection of it's internal organs to confirm or determine the cause of death |
| homeostasis | the condition in which the body's internal environment remains relatively constant within physiological limits |
| intracellular fluid (ICF) | the fluid within the cells |
| extracellular fluid (ECF) | fluid outside body cells |
| interstitial fluid | the extracellular fluid the fills the narrow spaces between cells of tissue |
| feedback system | a cycle of events in which the status of a body condition is monitored, evaluated, changed, re-monitored, and reevaluated |
| stimulus | any stress that changes a controlled condition |
| receptor | a body structure that monitors changes in a controlled condition and sends input to a control center |
| control center | the part of the body that sets the range of values within which a controlled condition should be maintained |
| effector | a body structure that receives output from the control center and produces a response that changes the controlled condition |
| negative feedback system | reverses a change in a controlled condition |
| positive feedback system | strengthens or reinforces a change in one of the body's controlled conditions |
| disorder | any abnormality of structure or function |
| disease | an illness characterized by a recognizable set of signs and symptoms |
| symptoms | subjective changes in body function that are not apparent to an observer |
| signs | objective changes that can be observed and measured |
| epidemiology | the study of occurrence and transmission of diseases and disorders |
| Pharmacology | the science of the effects and uses of drugs in the treatment of disease |
| diagnosis | the science and skill of distinguishing one disorder or disease from another |
| anatomical position | the body is erect, head is level, the eyes face forward, the upper limbs are at the sides, the palms face forward, and the feet are flat on the floor |
| prone | the body is lying face down |
| supine | the body is lying face up |
| head | skull and face |
| face | front portion of the head, eyes, nose, mouth, forehead, cheeks, and chin |
| neck | supports the head and attaches it to the trunk |
| trunk | chest, abdomen, and pelvis |
| upper limb | shoulder, armpit, arm, forearm, wrist, and hand |
| lower limb | buttock, thigh, leg, ankle, and foot |
| groin | the area on the front surface of the body marked by a crease on each side, where the trunk attaches to the thighs |
| superior | towards the head, towards the upper part of the body |
| inferior | away from the head, towards the lower part of the body |
| anterior | nearer to or at the front of the body |
| posterior | nearer to or at the back of the body |
| medial | nearer to the midline |
| lateral | farther from the midline |
| intermediate | between two structures |
| ipsilateral | on the same side of the body as another structure |
| contralateral | on the opposite side of the body from another structure |
| proximal | nearer to the attachment of a limb to the trunk; nearer to the origination of a structure |
| distal | farther from the attachment of a limb to the trunk; farther from the origination of a structure |
| superficial | towards or on the surface of the body |
| deep | away from the surface of the body |
| midline | an imaginary vertical line that divides the body into equal right and left sides |
| sagittal plane | a vertical plane that divides the body or organ into right and left sides |
| midsagittal plane | a vertical plane through the midline of the body that divides the body or organs into equal right and left sides |
| median plane | a vertical plane dividing the body into right and left halves, situated in the middle |
| parasagittal plane | a vertical plane that does not pass through the midline and that divides the body or organs in unequal left and right portions |
| frontal plane (coronal plane) | a plane at a right angle to the midsagittal plane that divides the body or organ into anterior and posterior portions |
| transverse plane (cross-sectional or horizontal plane) | divides the body or organ into superior and inferior portions |
| oblique plane | passes through the body or organ at an angle |
| cranial cavity | brain |
| vertebral cavity | spinal cord |
| meninges | three membranes covering the brain and spinal cord |
| thoracic cavity | pericardial cavity and pleural cavities |
| pericardial cavity | fluid filled space around the heart |
| pleural cavities | lungs |
| mediastinum | heart, esophagus, trachea, thymus, and several large blood vessels |
| diaphragm | dome-shaped muscle that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominopelvic cavity |
| abdominopelvic cavity | abdominal cavity and pelvic cavity |
| abdominal cavity | stomach, spleen, liver, gallbladder, small intestines, and most of the large intestines |
| pelvic cavity | urinary bladder, portions of the large intestines, and internal organs of the reproductive system |
| viscera | the organs inside of the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities |
| membrane | a thin, pliable tissue that covers, lines, partitions, or connects structures |
| serous membrane | a double-layered membrane which covers the viscera within the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities and lines the walls of the thorax and abdomen |
| parietal layer | thin epithelium that lines the walls of the cavities |
| visceral layer | thin epithelium that covers and adheres to the viscera within the cavities |
| pleura | the serous membrane that covers the lungs and lines the walls of the chest and the diaphragm |
| parietal pleura | the outer layer of the serous membrane that encloses and protects the lungs; the layer that is attached to the wall of the pleural cavity |
| pericardium | serous membrane of the pericardial cavity |
| peritoneum | serous membrane of the abdominal cavity |
| visceral pericardium | serous membrane that covers the surface of the heart |
| parietal pericardium | serous membrane that lines the chest wall |
| visceral peritoneum | covers the abdominal viscera |
| parietal peritoneum | serous membrane that lines the abdominal wall |
| retroperitoneal organs | kidneys, adrenal glands, pancreas, duodenum of the small intestines, ascending and descending colons of the large intestine, and portions of the abdominal aorta and inferior vena cava |
| right hypochondriac | x-- --- --- |
| epigastric | -x- --- --- |
| left hypochondriac | --x --- --- |
| right lumbar | x-- --- --- |
| umbilical | --- -x- --- |
| left lumbar | --- --x --- |
| right inguinal | --- --- x-- |
| hypogastric | --- --- -x- |
| left inguinal | --- --- --x |
| right upper quadrant (RUQ) | x- -- |
| left upper quadrant (LUQ) | -x -- |
| right lower quadrant (RLQ) | -- x- |
| left lower quadrant (LLQ) | -- -x |
Created by:
Frannkie
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