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History 1
| Answer | |
|---|---|
| What were the results of WWI? | monumental changes, millions of deaths, end of European Empires, new technology, and redistribution of world power |
| Which countries where in the Central Powers? | the German Empire, Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire, and Bulgaria |
| What was Germany and Austria also known was? | the Hohenzollern Empire and the Habsburg Empire respectively |
| When did the Ottoman Empire join the central powers? | Oct. 28, 1914 |
| When did Bulgaria join the central powers? | Oct. 1915 |
| What was another name for the allies? | the Entente |
| Which countries where in the allied powers? | the Russian Empire, the French Empire, the British Empire, Serbia, Belgium, Japan, and Greece |
| When did Italy join the allies? | May. 23, 1915 |
| When did Portugal, Brazil, and Romania join the entente? | the year 1916 |
| What percentage of the US population was killed during WWI? | 0.13% (117,000) |
| How many more Americans died during WWII compared to WWI? | 3 times as many |
| How many soldiers died in total during WWI? | about 9.4 million |
| How many civilians died during WWI? | up to 6 million |
| What percentage of the French/German population was lost during the war? | more than 3% |
| What percentage of the Serbian population died? | 5.6 percent |
| What percentage of the Ottoman Empire's population died? | 3.8 percent |
| What percent of the 558,000 Scots who enlisted in the war were killed? | 26 percent (very high) |
| What does the term "casualty" refer to? | the total killed, injured, and prisoners of war |
| How many people were seriously injured during the war? | 15 million |
| How many people were taken as prisoners of war? | 7 million |
| Total military casualities added up to? | 30 million |
| What was the worst example of civilian violence? | the genocide of Armenian men, women, and children living the East Turkey |
| What were the Armenians accused of by the Ottomans? | sympathy to the Russian invaders |
| What did Ottoman troops, including Kurds and other muslims, force the Armenians to do? | abandon their homes/villages |
| they were forced to take long marches through? | Anatolia and into the Syrian desert to ressetle |
| how many Armenians were killed in the genocide? | somewhere between .5 and 1 million |
| what was an even bigger killer of civilians than violence? | hunger and disease |
| What country was hit hard by hunger and disease? | the ottoman empire |
| what resulted in 50 million deaths around the world? | the great flu epidemic of 1918-1919 |
| what else did WWI cause? | many revolutions and civil wars |
| what are some examples of this? | wars of succession in the Ottoman and Habsburg Empires |
| How many people died in WWII compared to WWI? | 55 million to 15 million |
| what empires were remarkable stories of success and survival? | the Habsburg, Russian, German, and Ottoman empires |
| All of these empires were? | very diverse in both ethinic groups and language |
| what was the most important national movement of the 19th century? | The Polish national movement |
| what did Russia, Prussia, and Austria calloborate on in 1772? | the partition of Polish-lithuanian Commonwealth in 3 separate partitions (1772-95) |
| what was the second partition of poland (1792) a response to? | a response to a Polish liberal national uprising |
| What did Polish nobles and citizens oppose? | foreign rule |
| When were some Polish uprisings? | 1831, 1863, and 1904-06 |
| What countries cooperated to crush the uprisings? | Austria, Germany, and Russia |
| what other liberal national movements broke out in 1948? | in Hungary, Italy, and Germany |
| When did Italy form a united nation? | 1860s |
| when was Germany unified? | 1871 |
| What happened after WWI? | independent states (like Poland) arose |
| what new nations arose out of the great conflict? | Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, and yugoslavia |
| what was the collapse of the Ottoman Empire a direct result from? | WWI |
| Before 1914, the ottoman empire had not been successful at? | combating indigenous national movements and thwarting outside intervention |
| Which countries did the Ottoman empire loss in the 19th century? | Egypt, Sudan, Greece, Bulgaria, Romania, and Serbia |
| How did these countries gain their independence? | diplomatic or military support of one of the Great powers |
| How did the Ottoman Empire loss Libya in 1912? | lost a war with Italy |
| How did the Ottoman Empire loss Albania, Macedonia, and Thrace by 1912? | losing two Balkan Wars |
| What land was Turkey limited to after WWI? | the Anatolian peninsula |
| What did the Ottoman Empire lose after WWI? | territories in the Middle East (Syria, Lebanon, Iraq, Yemen, and Palestine) |
| What occurred in the immediate post-war years in India, China, Korea, Egypt, etc? | board movements of resistance to colonial rule |
| What was another important consequence of the war? | victory of the Communist Revolution in Russia |
| What political group did the Bolsheviks belong to? | the Social-Democratic Party |
| Where did Communists seize power in 1919? | Hungary (9 months) and the German state Bavaria (3 months) |
| What was another big impact of the WWI? | the rise of right-wing fascist movements in Italy, Spain, Portugal, and Germany |
| What conditions lead to the spread of Facism? | high unemployment, hyperinflation, and other economic difficulties |
| what did historian Niall Ferguson point out? | without WWI, "Adolf Hitler could have eked out his life as a mediocre postcard painter and Lenin could have carried on his splenetic scribbling in Zurich?" |
| What was the first "total war" in history? | WWI |
| What does "total war" refer to? | a war that requires the mobilization of all branches of society to produce for the war |
| What did trench warfare demand? | millions of shells and rounds of ammunition |
| How long did War planners think the war would take? | short: "over by Christmas" |
| What is a war of attrition? | struggling to produce all of the things needed for the war effort |
| where did WWI begin? | the balkans |
| What kingdom had ambitions in the balkans? | Serbia |
| What did Serbia support in the decades before 1914? | separatist movements among ethnic Serbs and other South Slavs |
| How did the Austro-Hungarian Army respond? | by formally annexing the Bosnian province in 1908 |
| Who did Serbia ally with during the First Balkan War (oct 1912- may 1913)? | Greece, Bulgaria, and Montenegro |
| who was defeated in this war? | ottoman empire |
| Which country was dissapointed with the treaty of London that ended the Balkan war? | Bulgaria |
| When did Bulgaria attack Greece and Serbia? | Jun. 16, 1913 |
| What did this start? | the second Balkan War |
| How was Bulgaria defeated in this war? | Romania and the Ottoman empire invaded |
| What happened to the size of Serbia as a result of the Balkan wars? | it doubled (population reached 4.5 million) |
| Where were there still many ethnic Serbs? | Habsburg, Bosnia, and Croatia |
| Serbia's success in the Balkan wars lead Serbian leaders to believe that they could? | unite all serbs in one state |
| as well as? | create a multi-ethnic South Slav (Yugoslav) state |
| What did Hapsburg officials fear about Serbian military successes? | could lead to the loss of Hapsburg lands and inspire more national uprisings |
| What did Hapsburg Heir Archduke Franz Ferdinand do on June 28, 1914? | visited Bosnia (Sarajevo) |
| How long had Bosnia been administered by the Hapsburg Empire? | since 1878 (made part of the empire in 1908) |
| Who was Ferdinand's uncle? | Emperor Franz Josef |
| How old was Josef in 1914? | 83 years (66 in the throne) |
| What is the Union of Death? | a small secret Bosnian Serb Organization |
| What is the Union of Death also known as? | the Black hand |
| How many men were sent by the Black hand to assassinate Ferdinand? | 3 men |
| How was the Archduke assassinated? | a bomb was thrown at his carriage. Ferdinand was then shot by 19 yr old Gavrilo Princip |
| Who else was shot? | Ferdinand's wife, Sophie |
| The members of the Black Hand included? | high ranking Serbian military/government officials |
| What did the Austrian Government assume after the assassination? | that Serbia was behind it |
| What did Austria not want to do? | conquer Serbia |
| Instead, Austria wanted to? | respond in a strong way within its borders |
| What happened on July 14th 1914? | Austria issued Serbia an ultimatum |
| What did this ultimatum include? | that Serbia cease anit-austrian propaganda and allow Austrain officials to investigate orgins of the assassination |
| When was the ultimatum officially delivered to Serbia? | Jul. 23, 1914 |
| why was the ultimatum delyed by 9 days? | Austria and Germany wanted more time to bring in their harvests |
| why was this important? | so that French President Raymond Poincare's visit to Russia would be over before the crisis hit |
| how long was Serbia given to accept the ultimatum? | 48 hours |
| Why did Serbia reject the ultimatum? | they had the support of Russia |
| When did Austria declare war on Serbia? | Jul. 28, 1914 |
| When did Russia declare mobilization of its army? | Jul. 30, 1914 |
| When did Germany declare war on Russia? | Aug. 1, 1914 |
| When did Germany declare war on France? | Aug. 3, 1914 |
| When did Germany invade neutral Belgium? | Aug. 4, 1914 |
| What did Great Britian do as a result? | declare war on Germany |
| What time period witnessed great political, social, and economic changes in Europe? | late 19th - early 20th century |
| How did Industrialization bring about massive social changes? | millions of peasants moved to cities and began to work in factories |
| What spread quickly? | literacy |
| This greated affected? | muli-ethnic/language empires |
| What did workers began to demand? | rights and greater politcal freedom |
| What spread across the continent? | democracy and electoral politics |
| What revolution was the first to challenge the principal of an autocratic monarchy? | the French Revolution (1789) |
| Describe Britain's political change in the 19th century. | slow and gradual |
| The number of people allowed to vote in Britain was significantly lower than that of? | Germany and France |
| When did Austria move from a Monarchy to a Constitutional Monarchy? | after the revolutions of 1948 |
| What happened to Austria in 1867? | it devolved power to Hungary over nearly everything except foreign affair |
| When did Germany unify? | 1871 |
| What is the Reichstag? | German elected parliament |
| What forced the Russian Tsar to create the Duma? | the Revolution of 1905 (Bloody Sunday) |
| What was the Sultan forced to do in 1908? | cede power to the "Young Turks" in the Ottoman Empire |
| In the first half of the 19th century, how did kings in Europe operate? | according the principles of Realpolitik? |
| What is realpolitik? | a realist foreign policy |
| Many alliances were made during this time to aviod? | massive war |
| What was the only big war between 1815 and 1914? | the Crimean War of 1854-55; Britain and France vs Russia |
| Why did kings become less powerful in the late 1800s? | because they now had to answer to the citizens of their country |
| When did Kaiser Wilhelm II come to power in Germany? | 1888; ruled until end of WWI |
| Why did Wilhelm and his ministers use aggressive foreign policy tactics? | in order to compete with socialist parties for public support |
| Where can this be seen in? | Germany's attempt to build an empire in Africa |
| What did Tsar Nicholas II of Russia think a victory in war would do? | unite his country and solve issues in the state |
| What War was a disaster for Russia and caused more revolution? | The Russo-Japanese war of 1904-05 |
| Many leaders during this time period thought that foreign policy could? | be used as a tool to solve domestic issues |
| What two men pioneered "Yellow Journalism" | Americans William Randolph Hearst and Joseph Pulitzer |
| What is Yellow Journalism? | uses sensationalism and nationalism to sell newspapers instead of facts |
| What war gained support because of Yellow Journalism? | Spanish American war (1898) |
| What did this war give America? | territories including Cuba, the Philippines, Puerto Rico, and Guam |
| What was the July Crisis? | Russia Mobilized troops partly because of sympathy for Serbia and excitement at expanding Russian Territory |
| What helped push Britain to join the war? | the British press's fear of Germany and anger over Belgium's invasion |
| What did the press do in Italy? | hyped up the cause of Italian speakers in Austria and protrayed Austria as a much greater threat than France |
| This caused Italy to? | abandon the central powers and side with the Entente |
| What happened during 1880-1900s? | a race for colonies took place (imperialism) by European countries in Asia/Africa |
| Many British government officials did not support the war? | intially in 1914 |
| Britain was not bound in the conflict like? | Russia and France were |
| What had happened a decade and a half prior to WWI? | Germany and Britain had a naval power arms race |
| This arms race influenced? | Britain to join the war because it did not want Germany to win |
| Russia already spread into east Asia by 1860, but it also had interest in? | southeast Europe territory controlled by Otto. Empire and Hapsburg Empire |
| Many Russian journalists dreamed of conquering? | Istanbul to establish Russian control over the sraits of the Bosporus and Dardanelles |
| When were Russian ambitions thwarted? | when Russia lost a war to Japan |
| What served as evidence that Germany was spreading its influence in the ottoman empire? | German Colonel Liman von Sanders went to Constantinople in Dec 1913 |
| Russia feared that Germany might? | take control of the Straits |
| When did the Ottoman Empire fall behind the rest of Europe? | after the European industrial revolutions |
| What did Russia force the Ottomans to do in 1783? | accept Russian interference in domestic affairs and protect Christain groups with the empire |
| What did France's "capitulations" treaties do? | protect Christain minority groups in the Ottoman Empire |
| Who forced the Ottoman Empire to treat peaceful foreigners better? | Britain and France |
| Many of the Great Powers jockeyed for the most? | advantageous position to benefit from the Ottomans' weakness |
| This was a reason why the Ottomans? | joined the central powers |
| What did Germany lack in th 1880s to compete for colonies with Britain/France? | naval power and existing overseas possessions |
| where did Germany gain significant territory? | Africa and the Pacific |
| what happened to Germany's population in the decades prior to 1914? | grew rapidally; German Economy became powerful |
| What did Nationalist groups think was unfair in Germany? | that Germany had so few overseas territory |
| what groups pushed Germany to build a powerful navy? | groups like the German Naval league and officials in the Reichstag |
| However, Germany was not really able to compete with? | Britain's naval dominance |
| Many nationalists wanted Germany to expand its empire through? | land |
| What did the German political right write about? | taking over Slavic lands in the east |
| What did the "Pan-German League" do? | published phamphlets that claimed that Germany should push the Slavic peoples to the east in order to create more room for the German Population |
| There were also many German political parties that? | opposed foreign expansion |
| Where were German Expansionist views popular in? | the press |
| Who tried to stop German unification in 1870? | France |
| Who lead German forces to defeat France in 1870? | Prussian Leadership |
| This defeat made France? | recognize unified Germany and cede regions to Germany |
| What were these regions called? | Alsace and Lorraine |
| What became apparent in the late 1880s? | that Germany's growth was outpacing that of France/Russia |
| what happened in 1882? | Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy signed the Triple Alliance |
| When did France and Russia sign the Franco-Russian Alliance? | 1892 |
| What was a key provision in the alliance? | France and Germany had to mobilize their armries as quickly as possible if either on was attacked |
| What countries did Britain have tensions with over imperial quests (like Egypt)? | Russia and France |
| What did Britain sign with France in 1904? | the Etente cordiale |
| Was the Etente cordiale a firm alliance? | no, but it improved relations |
| When was Britain suspicion of Russian autocracy tempered? | after the political changes following the revolution of 1905 |
| What agreement did Britain aand Russia reach in 1907? | an agreement settling disputed areas in Afghanistan, Persia, and Tibet |
| What happened to British relations with Germany during this time? | relations deteriorated |
| Where did Germany challenge France with its large navy? | Morocco; causing the Moroccan Crises of 1905 and 1911 |
| What did Britain realize? | if it did not support France and Russia, power in Europe would shift to the central powers |
| Who was the Chief of German General Staff tasked with devising a plan for two front war? | Alfred von Schlieffen |
| What cuased Schlieffen to conclude that Russia had many military problems? | Russia's defeat in the Russo-Japanese war (1905) |
| What was Russia very slow/inefficient at? | mobilizing their troops |
| What did the Schlieffen plan call for? | force France to surrender within 42 days |
| The German General Staff had great expertise in? | military tactics |
| Because of the nature of the Schlieffen plan, it is imperative that Germany? | mobilize their troops as quickly as possible |
| What did France do to undermine the Schlieffen plan? | build extensive defences along its border and loan money to Russia |
| What did Russia do to undermine the Schlieffen plan? | improve its railway system and weapons |
| What was Russia's "great program" (1908) ? | meant to modernize military and transportation systems |
| What did this coincide with? | a booming Russia Economy |
| What did Germany predict Russia would be able to do by 1916? | mobilize its troops within 30 days |
| What was a serious miscalculation in the German Schlieffen? | the involvement of Great Britain and Italy |
| Germany thought that _____ would be a factor in the war | Italy |
| What did Italy fear? | fighting a naval battle in the Mediterranean |
| What did Italy declare when the war broke out? | neutality |
| what other country decided to remain neutral at the beginning of the War? | romania |
| What did the Germans not consider? | British troops in France |
| Who argued that deployment of the British Expenditionary force was crucial in saving France from quick defeat? | Niall Ferguson |
| what did historian James Joll say? | that German foreign policy should have been more aimed at securing the neutrality of Britain |
| what was one thing Britain did not have in 1914? | a large trained army |
| What did Britain not have? | universal conscription |
| What was WWI initially known was? | The Great War |
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