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History Final
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| interdict | in the Roman Catholic Church; excommunication of an entire region, town or kingdom |
| Charles Martel | rallied Frankish warriors; fought in the Battle of Tours where Christians regained their lands |
| Battle of Tours | fought between Charles Martel and the Christians against the Muslim armies over Christian lands |
| Constantinople | new capital built by Constantine; made the eastern portion of the empire the center of power |
| excommunication | exclusion from the Roman Catholic Church as a penalty for refusing to obey Church laws |
| Magna Carta | signed in 1215 by King John; laid out the rights of the nobles |
| iron plow | carved deep into the heavy soil; used by the peasants of northern Europe |
| Erasmus | writes a new Greek version of the Bible; writes Praise of Folly which mocks medieval chivalry |
| horse harness | better than the older method with oxen; peasants were able to enlarge the fields as a result of the horses being able to work faster |
| Sophocles | wrote tragedies that told of human suffering and usually ended in disaster; wrote Antigone which explored one's moral duty conflicts with the laws of the state |
| 95 Theses | nailed to church door by Martin Luther; state that the selling of indulgences is never mentioned in the Bible, Salvation is reached through faith alone |
| William the Conqueror | defeated Harold in the Battle of Hastings; had a complete census taken and compiled the Domesday Book |
| Caligula | appointed his horse as consul; insane |
| papal supremacy | authority of medieval popes over all secular rulers |
| Council of Trent | reaffirmed traditional Christian views; which Protestants had challenged; called by Pope Paul III |
| Council of Clermont | where Pope Urban II incited bishops and nobles to fight in the Crusades |
| The Prince | written by Machiavelli; a guide to rulers on how to gain and maintain power |
| Henry VIII | wanted a male heir and asked the pope to annul his marriage; when the pope refused, he had sets of laws past which gave him control of the English Church (Act of Supremacy) |
| Jan van Eyck | portrayed townsfolk and religious realistically; developed oil paints |
| Saladin | Muslim leader who had control of Jerusalem; after negotiations however, opened the city back up to Christian pilgrims |
| Model Parliament | set up the framework for English legislature later on; representatives of the common people with the lords and nobles to help approve decisions |
| indulgence | papal decree lessening your soul'd time in purgatory |
| Pax Romana | a time when Roman rule brought peace, order, unity and prosperity from the Euphrates River to Britain |
| 1st Triumverate | Pompey, Crassus, Caesar; sharing of power between them |
| windmill | 1 of 3 inventions that started the agricultural revolution; grinds crops into flour easily |
| Edict of Milan | when Christianity became a legal religion of the Holy Roman Empire |
| Diocletian | splits empire into east and west; Roman emperor |
| Anglican Church | founded by Henry VIII through the Act of Supremacy |
| Punic Wars | 3 wa between Rome and Carthage; Roman domination of western Mediterranean |
| Darius I | Persian; satraps, roads, coins |
| John Calvin | publishes Institutes of the Christian Religion which lays out how a Protestant Church should be run; preaches predestination |
| Julius Caesar | ambitious military commissioner; program of public works, employed jobless, gave public land to the poor, granted more people Roman citizenship and new calendar |
| Concordat of Worms | agreed that the Church had the sole power to elect and invest bishops with spiritual authority, while the emperor had the right to invest bishops with fiefs |
| Sparta | Dorians who conquered Laconia; rigorous military training starting at the age of 7; excellent soldiers |
| Giovanni de Medici | begins a banking house; makes his family the richest in Europe |
| Cosimo de Medici | uses power and money to gain control of Florentine government |
| Lorenzo de Medici | most powerful of the Medici's; known as Lorenzo the Magnificent and great patron of the arts |
| Henry IV (HRE) | disagreed with Gregory VII that only the pope had the right to appoint/install bishops into office; excommunicated and forced to apologize |
| Joan of Arc | peasant women who appeared to Charles VII and claimed God sent her to save France; inspired the despairing soldiers and lend them to many victories; later crowned a saint |
| Domesday Book | result of William the Conqueror taking a complete census; list of every castle, field and citizen in the town (supposed to be similar to God's judgement day) |
| Raphael | blended Christian and classical styles; best known for portrayals of madonna and child |
| Albiginsian Crusade | crusade led by Pope Innocent III and Philip II against the Albigensians in southern France; Albs. wanted to purify the Church and return to the simple ways of the church |
| Black Death | caused by fleas carried by rats; 1/3 of the population wiped out; causes great social and economic change |
| Henry the Navigator | took a quest to the tip of Africa; hoped to expand Christianity and find gold |
| Alexandria | set up by Alexander; becomes center of the Hellenistic world |
| Ferdinand Magellan | looked for a sailing passage to the "South Sea" (in South America); first to circumnavigate the world (sail around) |
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