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State Board Review
Massage
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Fasicle | Bundle of individual muscle fibers (cells) |
| Muscle Fibers | Muscle cells named for their elongated shape and multinucleated |
| Sarcolemma | Cell membrane for each muscle fiber |
| Sarcoplasm | cytoplasm inside each muscle fiber that contains mitochondria & myofibrils |
| myofibrils | bundle of overlapping thick & thin filaments |
| Actin | Thin filament (contractile protein) |
| Myosin | Thick filament (contractile protein) |
| Sarcoplasmic Reticulum | surrounds each myofibril & stores & releases Ca+ when muscle cell is stimulated to contract |
| Sarcomere | a section of each myofibril that is bordered on either side by z lines |
| Each Actin has a _____ binding site | Myosin |
| Troponin/Tropomyosin | regulatory proteins that ewnable muscle finers to start or stop contracting |
| Tropomyosin | covers myosin binding sites on the actin molecules |
| Troponin | moves tropomyosin aside & exposes myosin binding sites when Ca+ is released |
| Crossbridges | myosin heads/bridge gaps btw thin/thick filaments |
| atp attached to | myosin heads |
| Sliding filament | muscles contract because the thin/thick filaments slide past eachother |
| Crossbridge cycle | Binding of myosin to actin, powerstroke, rigor, unbinding, cocking of the myosin heads |
| All ribs articulate with... | costal cartilage |
| functions of arches of foot | shock absorbtion, different terrain |
| wormian bones (sutural bones) | found in sutures of the skull, saggital and lambdoidal |
| Endocrine | function of skin |
| Vitamin D | Hormone of the skin |
| lamellar granules | make skin water resistance |
| 5 layers of epidermis | on palms and soles of feet |
| Keritinocytes | most abundant cell in epidermis |
| merkel cells | touch receptors |
| meissner corpuscle | touch receptor in papillae |
| pacinian/lamelated corpuscle | deep pressure sensors |
| vitamin D synthesis needs | UV light |
| hydroxyapartites | crystals in bone |
| inorganic substance that makes bone hard | calcium |
| organic substance that makes bone flexible | collagen |
| shaft of bone | compact bone |
| epiphysis of bone | spongy/cancellous bone |
| perforating canal, circumferentral lamelli, interstitial lamelli | NOT part of the osteon |
| intramembraneus ossification | closing of the fontanells of babies |
| endochondral ossification | formation of bones |
| zone of primary ossification | diaphysis |
| zone of secondary ossification | epiphysis |
| Ossification completes by age | 25 |
| paranasal sinuses | Frontal, Ethmoid, Maxillary, Sphenoid |
| Primary Vertebral Curves | Sacral & Thoracic |
| Secondary Vertebral curves | Cervical & Lumbar |
| Parts of the Sternum | Manubrium, body, Xiphoid process |
| Hyoid bone | No point of contact with any other bone |
| # of bones in skull | 22 |
| # of facial bones | 14 |
| # of cranial bones | 8 |
| Sphenoid articulates with... | all other bones of the skull (keystone) |
| smallest facial bone | Lacrimal |
| foramen magnum location | occipital bone |
| petras portion of temporal bone | houses the inner ear |
| sella turcica | located in sphenoid, houses the pituitary |
| perpendicular plate & vomer | make up the nasal septum |
| crista galli & cribiform plate | located in Ethmoid |
| mandible | most moveable bone of the skull |
| Optical Foramen | located in Sphenoid |
| jugular foramen | located in the temporal bone |
| hypoglossal canal | in occiput |
| unpaired facial bones | vomer & mandible |
| proprioreceptors | stretch receptors |
| muscle spindles | measure muscle length |
| GTO | protects muscle & associated tendon from damage due to over stretch |
| joint kinesthetic receptor | located within and around joints for protection from pressure/ excess acceloration and deceloration |
| Tallus | accepts the weight of the body & transfers it to the foot |
| femur | heaviest bone |
| spinous processes | formed by 2 lamina coming together |
| Intervertebral foramen | holes for spinal nerves to exit the vertebral column |
| vertebral foramen | hole for spinal cord |
| lumbar vertebrae | largest, short stubby transv. processes |
| Thoracic vertrbrae | facets for ribs, long sharp Spinous processes |
| Cervical vertebrae | holes in T.P's, bifurcated S.P.'s |
| C7 | vertebral prominence |
| C2 | axis, dens is point of rotation |
| C1 | Atlas, no body, no pedicle, no lamina, no SP |
| Metabolism | sum of all chemical reactions in the body |
| responsiveness | ability to respond to stimuli |
| growth | ability to grow |
| differentiation | ability to specialize cells |
| negative feedback system | response is opposite of stimulus |
| positive feedback system | response enhances stimulus |
| 2 control systems of the body | nervous and endocrine |
| crural | front of leg |
| sural | back of leg |
| most common inorganic molecule | water |
| osmosis | movement of water down the concentration gradient |
| filtration | pushing the molecule thru the membrane (PASSIVE) |
| facilitated diffusion | molecule aided by a carrier molecule (PASSIVE) |
| simple diffusion | passive process molecule moves down the concentration gradient (from highest to lowest concentration) |
| Active transport | uses ATP by membrane |
| mitosis | growth and repair cell reproduction |
| meiosis | reproductive cell division |
| Supplies blood to the kidneys | Renal Artery |
| Drains blood from Sm/Lg intestines, stomach & pancreas | Superior Mesenteric Vein |
| main blood supply to the arm, commonly used to take BP | Brachial Artery |
| Supply blood to lower limbs | Common Illiac Arteries |
| Drain O2 blood from lungs to Left Atria | Pulmonary veins |
| supplies blood to stomach, liver, pancread | Celiac trunk |
| supplies blood to brain | Carotid arteries |
| supplies blood to Lg. intestines | Inferior Mesenteric artery |
| drains blood from the head | Jugular Vein |
| detours venous blood from GI organs & spleen thru liver before returning it to the heart | Hepat Portal circulation |
| drains most of the thorax, used as a bypass to the Inferior Vena Cava | Azygos System |
| part of the venous circulation of the leg - used in bypass surgury | Great Saphenous Vein |
| Carries deO2 blood from r. ventricle to the lungs | Pulmonary arteries |
| Motor neurons come from... | anterior grey horn of S.C. |
| Sympathetic neurons come from... | Lateral horn of thoracic & Lumbar S.C. |
| Parasympathetic neurons come from | brain stem (cranio) & lateral horn of sacral S.C. |
| Sympathetic chain | paravertebral ganglions |
| Parasympathetics | prevertebral ganglions |
| Active site | place on molecule where they attach to one another or something else |
| Potential Energy | stored energy |
| Activation energy | amount of energy required to stick 2 molecules together |
| kinetic energy | movement |
| radiant energy | released energy |
| most abundant chemical element in the body | Carbon |
| 96% of all elements in body | CHON - Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen |
| Difference between DNA & RNA | Presence of thymine in DNA not RNA |
| phospholipid bilayer | cell membrane |
| Phospholipid tails point... | toward eachother |
| Synarthrosis | no movement in joint (suture) |
| Amphiarthrosis | some movement in a joint |
| Diarthrosis | freely moveable joint (all synovial) |
| goblet cells | line stomach, produce mucus & heparin |
| aerolar tissue | loose connective tissue |
| dense connective tissue | makes up tendons |
| Potts fracture | elderly person, at anke joint - distal tibia |
| callus | mass of repair tissue that bridges the end of a long bone |
| shattered bone | communited fracture |
| haversian canals | in osseous tissue, where nerves & blood vessels are found |
| colles fracture | occurs in forearm/ at distal radius |
| periostial blood vessels | outside of long bones |
| olfactory foramena location | ethmoid bone |
| strongest, largest vertebrae | Lumbar vertebrae |
| mental foramen location | mandible |
| vertebrae that have articular facets for ribs on transverse processes | Thoracic vertebrae |
| Where vitamin D synthisis begins | in the skin |
| 80% of all skin cancers | Basal cell carcinoma |
| Signs of skin cancer | ABCD - Asymmetry, Border, Color, Diameter |
| Lameli | Growth rings on cross section of bone |
| osteon/Haversian system | arangement of compact bone |
| Spongy bone does not have... | Osteons |
| Calcitonin & PTH effect | osteon activity by way of calcium regulation |
| Calcitonin | lowers blood calcium |
| PTH | raises blood calcium |
| Open reduction | setting a bone with surgury |
| Closed reduction | setting a bone with a cast or splint |
| Opening in transverse processes for vertebral artery and vein in cervical region | transverse foramena |
| C1/Atlas | no body, no spinous processes |
| C2/axis | has dens which articualtes with atlas |
| C7 | anchors nuchal ligament |
| sacrum | keystone |
| most common abnormal curve of spine | scoliosis |
| break in arm most common @ ... | surgical neck - where metaphasis was |
| rickets | childhood osteomalacia |
| Golgi tendon organ | protects against muscle/tendon tears |
| norepinephrine in brain... | responsible for wakefulness |
| Neural crest | mass of neural tissue that develops into dorsal root ganglia |
| recieves impulses for smell | medial aspect of temporal lobe of brain |
| hippocampus | located in medial temporal lobe - responsible for long term memory - part of Limbic system |
| amydgala | almond shaped group of neurons in temporal lobe responsible for memory & emotional reaction |
| Brocha's area | associated with speech |
| Transverse fissure | separates cerebrum & cerebellum & contains tentorium cerebelli |
| projection fibers | connect the brain & spinal cord |
| Alpha brain waves | rest |
| beta brain waves | normal wakefulness |
| Delta waves | deep sleep |
| theta waves | associated with stress |
| Rectus Abdominus | flexes vertebral column |
| Risorius | attaches to corners of mouth |
| Thenar eminence | contributes to oppostioi of thumb & pinki |
| preferred site for a shot | gluteus medius |
| muscle that makes the mouth pout | mentalis |
| lats and pecs | originate on axial skeleton |
| largest, strongest muscle of the body | gluteus maximus |
| Pyramidal pathway | motor pathway |
| merkels discs | located in epidermis |
| common iliac veins form | inferior vena cava |
| vertebral arteries form... | basilar artery |
| arteries off the ascending aorta | left and right coronary arteries |
| Thoracic duct | main collecting duct for lymphatic system |
| thoracic duct drains into... | left subclavian vein |
| Right lymphatic duct drains into... | right subclavian vein |
| contribut to movement of lymph | contraction of muscle & respiratory pump |
| Primary lymph organs | red bone marrow & thymus |
| secondary lymph organs | spleen, lymph nodes |
| largest mass of lymphatic tissue in body | spleen |
| spleen tissue type | red & white pulp |
| red pulp | removes RBC, WBC, stores platelets |
| white pulp | lymphatic tissue containing T's B's and macrophages |
| peyers patches | lymph nodules in ileum of sm. intestines |
| tonsils | lymphatic nodules at junction of oral cavity & pharynx |
| interferons | produced by infected body cells - diffuse to non-effected cells to "interfere" with viral replication |
| Compliment proteins | enhance allergic, inflamatory & immune reactions |
| NK cells release... | perforin |
| vasodilation & increased permiability of blood vessels | 1st stage if inflamation |
| Abcess | puss filled cavity - must be drained |
| Major Histocompatibility complex (MHC) | used in tissue transplants to determine if the body will reject the tissue |
| B lymphocytes | develope in bone marrow |
| T lymphocytes | migrate to Thymus and mature |
| Cell mediated immunity | cells attack other cells |
| Antigen mediated immunity | attacks pathogens dissolved in body fluids |
| Packed Cell transfusion | most commom blood transfusion |
| visceral serous pericardium | epicardium |
| veins that have no valves | Vena Cava & pulmonary veins |
| Coronary sinus has no... | smooth muscle (cannot vasoconstrict) |
| Type A Blood | Has B antiglutens |
| Type B blood | has A antiglutens |
| Type AB blood | has no antiglutens (universal recipient) |
| Type O blood | has both A & B antiglutens (Universal Donor) |
| conduction system of the heart | sa node, av node, av bundle, bundle branches, conduction myofibers (Perkinje) |
| ECG "P" wave | atrial depolarization |
| ECG "QRS" wave | ventricular depolarization |
| ECG "T" wave | ventricular repolarization |
| long contraction of the heart = | longer refractory peroid |
| Starlings law of the heart | cardiac muscle fibers will contract more forcefully when fibers are stretched (the more you fill it with blood the better force of contraction) |
| Conjestive Heart failure (CHF) | fluid build up in lower extremily - right side of heart death, fluid build up in lungs - left side of heart death |
| location of cardiovascular center in the brain | medulla |
| location of respiratory rate center in brain | medulla |
| ischemia | lack of blood to an area, can cause hypoxia |
| angina | chest pain, lack of blood to heart |
| infarction | death of tissue caused by blood blockage |
| necrosis | dead tissue |
| metarteriol | connects a capillary and a venule |
| anastomoses | junctions between blood vessels serving the same organ, if blood supply is cut off from one place it is rerouted. |
| muscular arteries | serve organs, have more smooth muscle for vasodilation/constriction |
| fastest flow of blood | arteries |
| slowest flow of blood | capillaries |
| blood resevoirs | veins 60% of blood at any one time |
| pressure resevoir | arteries |
| processof exchange in capillary beds | diffusion |
| capillaries | functional unit of the respiratory system |
| secondary cardiac pump | skeletal muscles |
| abdominal massage | raises arteriol pressure & lowers heartrate |
| no lymph capillaries | avascular tissue, CNS, red bone marrow & spleen |
| organs that have a hilus | lymph nodes, lungs, spleen |
| Kellog's "great lymph pump" | Diaphragm |
| 5 factors that push blood in veins back to heart | pressure, flow, valves, muscle pump, respiratory pump |
| stages of phagocytosis | chemotaxis, adhesion, ingestion, lysis, ejection |
| perforin & lymphotoxin | how T lymphocytes attack |
| Anamestic | having immunity to a disease |
| Thymus has | Hasselmans corpuscles |
| spleen | held by billroths rods |
| 4 forces on blood entering capillaries | blood osmotic pressure, blood hydrostatic pressure |
| Natural active immunity | (blank) |
| albumines | for blood colloidal osmotic pressure |
| blood colloidal osmotic pressure | attraction of water to blood |
| blood hydrostatic pressure | blood pressure |
| Starlings law of the capillaries | @ arteriol end of capillary blood colloidal osmotic pressure is higher than blood hydrostatic pressure, vice versa at the venus end |
| Starling law of capillaries 2 | interstitial fluid comes from blood plasma @ arteriol end, at venus end it returns to the blood |
| At the arteriol end of the capillary which force predominates | blood hydrostatic pressure |
| at the venous end of capillaries which force predominates | blood colloidal osmotic pressure |
| pneumothorax | air in pleural cavity |
| hemothorax | blood in pleural cavity |
| plurisy | irritation of the plural cavity by build up of extra fluid |
| septal cells (type II) | make surfactant in alveolus |
| surfactant | coat alveolus and keep them from collapsing |
| muscle of forced expiration | internal intercostals & Abs |
| ventilation is not... | diffusion |
| 75% of inhale breathing done by... | diaphragm |
| 25% of inhalation | external intercostals |
| Daltons law of partial pressure | each gas exerts a partial pressure contributing to the total pressure of the air |
| highest pp of O2 is in... | alveoli |
| highest pp of CO2 is in... | intracellular fluid |
| lowest pp O2 is in... | tissues |
| lowest pp CO2 | alveoli |
| natural active immunity | when you get the disease and create antibodies against it |
| artificial active immunity | vaccination |
| passive natural immunity | placenta & nursing |
| passive artificial immunity | antibody injection |
| villi in small intestines | increase surface area so more can be digested |
| lacteal | pick up fat and bring back to CV system via lymphatics |
| Medulla Oblongotta | Regulates heartbeat, blood vessel diameter, breathing, swallowing, vomiting, coughing, sneezing and hiccups |
| Pons | Apneustic & Pneumotaxic areas |
| Midbrain | Moves eyeballs in response to visual stimuli, moves head and trunk in response to auditory stimuli, contains Substancia Nigra |
| Cerebellum | smooths & coordinates skilled and complex movements, controlls posture & balance, aids in cognition & language processing |
| Thalmus | relay center for sensory info to cortex |
| Hypothalmus | regulates ANS, regulates pituitary, establishes circadian rythm, sets basal metabolic rate, regulates eating and drinking, produces Oxytocin & ADH |
| Epithalmus | Pineal gland |
| pineal gland | produces melatonin |
| melatonin | needed for sleep |
| Basal ganglia | located in cerebrum, coordinate gross automatic muscle movements & regulate muscle tone |
| Limbic system | responsible for emotional aspects of behavoir related to survival |
| Cerebrum | memory, personality, sensory perception, muscular movement, intelligence |
Created by:
goodbunn
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