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WHII People
Vocabulary GCA WHII
| Term | Definition | Time Period |
|---|---|---|
| Machiavelli | Author of "The Prince." Wanted absolute rule. "The end Justifies the mean" | Renaissance |
| Leonardo da Vinci | Painter, engineer, and architect. Painted the "Mona Lisa" and "The Last Supper". Known as the Renaissance man | Renaissance |
| Michelangelo | Painted the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel. Sculpted David | Renaissance |
| Raphael | School of Athens, and many paintings of the Madonna | Renaissance |
| Petrarch | Wrote sonnets (short love poems) and was the first humanist scholar. | Renaissance |
| Dante | Wrote the "Devine Comedy". emphasized politics and human interests. | Renaissance |
| Johannes Gutenberg | From Germany, and inventor of the Printing press | Renaissance |
| Erasmus | Wrote "The Praise of Folly" which made fun of some church's follies and blunders. | Renaissance |
| Sir Thomas Moore | Wrote Utopia | Renaissance |
| Shakespeare | Wrote sonnets, plays, and essays to discuss the events of his time | Renaissance |
| Jan Huss | was part of the push for Czech nationalism. He refused to recant (take back) his views and was burned as a heretic | Renaissance |
| John Wycliffe | criticized monks, excommunication, and the Catholic mass. He emphasized reading the Bible in the vernacular (English). He said that true believers, not corrupt priests, formed the church | Renaissance |
| Martin Luther | started the Protestant Reformation when his 95 Theses were published by the printing press, and spread throughout Germany | Reformation |
| John Calvin | spread Protestantism throughout Europe by emphasizing predestination, a strict lifestyle, and a strong work ethic. | Reformation |
| Henry VIII | I created the Anglican Church to get a divorce without the pope’s permission, establish a male heir, and seize all Church land and wealth. | Reformation |
| Elizabeth I | nationalized the Anglican Church, made England a strong overseas empire by colonial expansion into the Americas and Asia. Her rule was known for victory over the Spanish Armada | Reformation |
| Ignatius of Loyola | Founder of the Jesuits | Reformation |
| Prince Henry the Navigator | Prince Henry the Navigator (from Portugal) played a pioneering role in navigation…without having actually set sail | Age of Discovery |
| Vasco da Gama | Sailed around the southern tip of Africa to India (Da Gama from Da Portugal went to Da India) | Age of Discovery |
| Christopher Columbus | “Sailed the Ocean Blue in 1492”. Ran into the Western Hemisphere. Started the Columbian Exchange | Age of Discovery |
| Ferdinand Magellan | : Circumnavigated the globe but he died on the way in the Philippines | Age of Discovery |
| Hernando Cortez | Conquistador that conquered the Aztec Empire; Cortez = Aztecs | Age of Discovery |
| Francisco Pizarro | Conquistador that conquered the Inca; Pizarro – Inca | Age of Discovery |
| Francis Drake | Defeated the Spanish Armada (navy) in 1588AD. Pretty much was a pirate. Circumnavigated the globe (and lived!) | Age of Discovery |
| Jacques Cartier | Made good relationships with Native Americans in Canada. Cartier = Canada | Age of Discovery |
| Ottoman Empire | a Turkish-speaking nomadic people who had migrated from Central Asia into northwestern Asia Minor. | Global Trade |
| Suleyman I | known as “the Magnificent” and “the Lawgiver”. He was a brilliant military general and leader. | Global Trade |
| Mughal Empire | Descendants of the Mongols, the Muslim rulers entered India through the Khyber Pass and established an empire in northern India. | Global Trade |
| Akbar the Great | the greatest Mughal leader. | Global Trade |
| Taj Mahal | a Muslim mausoleum or tomb in India | Global Trade |
| Ming Dynasty | Chinese dynasty meaning brilliant | Global Trade |
| Zheng He | an adventurous and successful Chinese sailor, took seven voyages around the Indian Ocean to Africa | Global Trade |
| Manchus | from Manchuria took over China in 1644 and set up the Qing Dynasty | Global Trade |
| Qing Dynasty | took over China in 1644 | Global Trade |
| shogun | the supreme military commander of Japan | Global Trade |
| Minamoto Yoritomo | first Japanese shogun in 1192AD. Had more power than the emperor due to military support. | Global Trade |
| daimyos | Japanese noble landowners | Global Trade |
| samurai | Japanese warriors | Global Trade |
| Copernicus | developed heliocentric theory Interest in planets/space Aerospace | Scientific Revolution |
| Kepler | discovered planetary motion Interest in planets/space Aerospace | Scientific Revolution |
| Galileo | used telescope to support heliocentric theory Aerospace studies | Scientific Revolution |
| Newton | formulated law of gravity Physics | Scientific Revolution |
| Harvey | discovered circulation of the blood Chemistry/ Anatomy/ Biology | Scientific Revolution |
| Vesalius | accurately detailed the study of human anatomy Anatomy/ Biology | Scientific Revolution |
| Bacon | Added experimentation and observation in scientific method; wanted logic and ethics to science Scientific method | Scientific Revolution |
| Descartes | Invented deductive reasoning Scientific method | Scientific Revolution |
| Philip II | ruled:spain,netherlands, southern italian states,and over seas colonies; lead spain through a golden age,first to claim absolute power/inflation from americas and was defeated by britan in 1588 | Age of Absolutism |
| Louis XIV | known as the"sun king",built the palace of versailles/ ran nation into debt and wasted money on a lavished life style | Age of Absolutism |
| Peter the Great | westernized russia and expanded russian territory,conquered st.petersburg/used terror to inforce absolute power | Age of Absolutism |
| Catherine the Great | reduced taxes,reformed russias legal system/worsen conditions for peasants | Age of Absolutism |
| James I | tried to rule with divine right, didnt get along with parliment | Age of Absolutism |
| Charles I | forced to sign Petition of Right by parliment | Age of Absolutism |
| Hobbes | wrote:leviathan, stated that people are naturally cruel and greedy and because of this must be a central authority, felt that the best government was an absolute monarchy | Enlightenment |
| Locke | wrote: two treatises on government, best government is a democracy | Enlightenment |
| Montesquieu | wrote:the spirit of las, separation of powers | Enlightenment |
| Voltaire | wrote: candide,seperation of church and state | Enlightenment |
| Rousseau | wrote:the social condract,society corrupts,individual intrest= common goods | Enlightenment |
| Bach | a german musician | Enlightenment |
| Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart | a influential composer of the classical era, was a prodigy at a young age | Enlightenment |
| Haydn | an austrian composer known as the most prominent composers od the classical era | Enlightenment |
| Cervantes | a spanish novelist, wrote don quixote | Enlightenment |
| Delacroix | a french artist, painted liberty leading the people | Enlightenment |
| Louis XVI | king of france was beheaded along with his wife marie antioinette | French Revolution |
| 1st Estate | catholic church/clergy | French Revolution |
| 2nd Estate | nobility | French Revolution |
| 3rd Estate | everybody else (97% of the population) | French Revolution |
| Bourgeoisie | educated middle class | French Revolution |
| Maria Antoinette | austrian queen extravagant spender | French Revolution |
| Jean-Paul Marat | a jacobin journalist,murdered at the start of the reign of terror | French Revolution |
| Maximilien Robespierre | mastermind of the Reign of Terror | French Revolution |
| Napoleon Bonaparte | over threw the french government | French Revolution |
| Count Cavour | unified northern italy | Revolutions |
| Giuseppe Garibaldi | joined southern and northern italy | Revolutions |
| Otto von Bismarck | prime minister of prussia,conbined nationalism and conservation; Realpolitik | Revolutions |
| Viceroys | leaders of colonial system | Latin American Revolutions |
| peninsulares | europeans living in the new world | Latin American Revolutions |
| creoles | born in americas to european parents | Latin American Revolutions |
| mestizos | one european parent and one native parent | Latin American Revolutions |
| mulattoes | one european and one african parent | Latin American Revolutions |
| Toussaint L’Ouverture | born a slave,legally freed, devoted himself to freeing other slaves leading to the hatian independence in 1804 | Latin American Revolutions |
| Simone Bolivar | a creole, traveled to europe with enlightenment ideas | Latin American Revolutions |
| Jose de San Martin | military general,trained in europe | Latin American Revolutions |
| Dom Pedro | first ruler of brazil known as the "liberator" | Latin American Revolutions |
| James Hargreaves | invented the spinning wheel | Industrial Revolution |
| Richard Arkwright | invented the spinning frame | Industrial Revolution |
| James Watt | invented the steam engine | Industrial Revolution |
| Edmund Cartwright | invented the power loom | Industrial Revolution |
| Eli Whitney | invited the cotten gin | Industrial Revolution |
| Henry Bessemer | invented the steel manufacture | Industrial Revolution |
| John McAdam | invented a new road building process | Industrial Revolution |
| Edward Jenner | invented the small pox vaccine | Industrial Revolution |
| Louis Pasteur | invented vaccines for diseases | Industrial Revolution |
| Adam Smith | wrote the wealth of nations , laissez faire- the government should have limited role in the economy | Industrial Revolution |
| Karl Marx | wrote the communist manifesto,haves vs. have nots | Industrial Revolution |
| Friedrich Engels | helped write the communist manifesto | Industrial Revolution |
| bourgeoisie | bussiness owners/capitalist | Industrial Revolution |
| proletariat | lower working class | Industrial Revolution |
| Matthew Perry | person who initiated trade between the US and Japan | Industrial Revolution |
| Central Powers | Germany, Austria-Hungary, Turkey, Italy, Bulgaria | World War I |
| Allies | England, France, Russia, Serbia, Italy(1915), U.S, colonies | World War I |
| Archduke Francis Ferdinand | was shot and killed by an bosnian revolutionist. | World War I |
| Kaiser Wilhelm II | emperor of germany.Proud and arrogant, | World War I |
| Woodrow Wilson | president of US from 1913-1921. convinces congress to declare war on Germany | World War I |
| tsar | term for an absolute ruler from Russia | Russian Revolution |
| Nicholas II | Tsar of Russia, Weak and incompretent | Russian Revolution |
| Rasputin | Fraudulent monk with greedy and corrupt motives | Russian Revolution |
| Vladimir Lenin | lead the Russian Revolution; Bolshevik leader | Russian Revolution |
| Leon Trotsky | Russian commander of the Communists | Russian Revolution |
| Joseph Stalin | Dictator of USSR in 1927. Totalitarianism.5-year plan. Command Economy | Russian Revolution |
| Benito Mussolini | Fascist Party leader of Italy. Tried to restore Italy to the glory or Rome. Invaded Ethiopia. | World War II |
| Hideki Tojo | Japanese military leader during WWII | World War II |
| Hirohito | Emperor of Japan(figure head). Thought of as a devine god | World War II |
| Adolf Hitler | Dictator of Germany and the Nazi Party. wrote "Mein Kampf". Blamed jews. Tried to restore Aryan race. started the Holocaust. | World War II |
| Aryan Race | The Germanic people | World War II |
| Franklin D. Roosevelt | president of US during WWII. president during Pearl Harbor Attack | World War II |
| Harry Truman | US President that dropped two attomic bombs on Japan | World War II |
| Dwight D. Eisenhower | helped command the invassion on D-Day | World War II |
| Douglas MacArthur | General of the US Army. led the occupation of Japan | World War II |
| Winston Churchill | prime minister of great britain | World War II |
| The “Big Three” | Churchill, Roosevelt, Stalin | Interwar Period |
| North Atlantic treaty Organization (NATO) | political organization including Western Europe, US, Canada | Post War Conflicts |
| Warsaw Pact | Included Soviet Union, and Eastern Europe; response to NATO | Cold War |
| United Nations (UN) | Goverment organization created to keep world peace | Post War Conflicts |
| Chaing Kai-Shek | nationalist leader of china | Chinese Revolution |
| Mao Zedong | communist leader of china | Chinese Revolution |
| Deng Xiaping | communist leader of China after Mao. Makes Market economy | Chinese Revolution |
| Ho Chi Minh | Vietnamese communist leader of North Vietnam | Vietnam War |
| Nixon | US president elected to bring the war to an honorable end to Vietnam War | Cold War |
| Fidel Castro | led the communist revolt in cuba | Cold War |
| Nikita Khrushchev | leader of Russia during the cuban revolution | Cold War |
| John F. Kennedy | President of US during the Cuban revolution | Cold War |
| Mikhail Gorbachev | Last president of the USSR. Tried to stop soviet collapse. | Cold War |
| Boris Yeltsin | first elected president of Russia | Cold War |
| Ronal Reagan | US President who increased pressure on the Soviets | Cold War |
| Margaret Thatcher | British prime minister; ally with Reagan | Cold War |
| “Iron Lady” | Margaret Thatcher | Cold War |
| Mohandas Gandhi | Tried to free India from British control using nonviolence | Decolonization |
| Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. | US Civil Rights leader who used Gandhi's non-violent ideas | Decolonization |
| Jawaharlal Nehru | First prime minister of India | Decolonization |
| Indira Gandhi | Nehrus Daughter. 3rd prime minister of India. | Decolonization |
| Golda Meir | Female prime minister of Isreal. Gets support from US | Decolonization |
| Gamal Abdul Nasser | President of Egypt. Nationalized the Suez Canal | Decolonization |
| Jomo Kenyatta | Father of Kenya | Decolonization |
| Nelson Mandela | Anti-apartheid leader of South Africa, first black president | Decolonization |
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