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ANTH 140- Unit 3
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| the second major transition in prehistory | state-level societies emerging |
| state | large, socially complex urban societies |
| V. Gordon Childe | created the characteristics for a state |
| primary characteristics (5) | cities, labor specialization, concentrate surplus, stratification, organization |
| secondary characteristics (6) | monumental architecture, long distance trade, standardized monuments/artwork, record keeping/writing, predictive sciences |
| WHAT CHARACTERISTICS MUST EXIST | food surplus, labor specialization, social stratification, large, urban population, writing/sciences, monumental architecture |
| location of Mesopotamia | between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers (not fertile crescent) |
| Tell/Tepe/Huyuk | mesas/mounds |
| Mesopotamian cultures in order | Hassuna, Halaf, Samarra, Ubiad, Uruk (middle, late), Early Dynastic, Agade |
| Hassuna culture | stamp seals, transition to agriculture |
| Halaf culture | single style of pottery over a large space (controlled by institution) |
| Samarra culture | south of Mesopotamia; irrigation; makers marks on pottery; fortification |
| Ubiad | beginning of large city centers surrounded by hamlets |
| Eridu | (Ubiad) rebuilt 13-17 times (5000 people) |
| Ubiad expansion | increased population, goods transferred from India and Turkey |
| Uruk | wheel, plow, potters wheel (but creativity dwindled); bevel-rim bowls |
| Uruk expansion | attempt of people trying to politically establish themselves w/ trade routes (still not politically unified) |
| When had writing begun in Mesopotamia? | 3400 BC |
| 3 places where state-level society emerged | mesopotamia, egypt, maya |
| farming does not cause state level societies to develop, but there has never been a state without farming | true |
| the emergence of large urban center with small harming hamlets appeared during the | ubiad |
| the early states is Mesopotamia developed in the Fertile Crescent | false |
| During the Ubiad, evidence for social differences mainly came from burials | false? |
| 3 technological/social innovations from the Uruk | bevel-rim bowls, wheel, plow |
| the following are all names of Uruk city states except | Ubiad |
| what true state characteristic were the cultures of North America missing? | writing |
| the oldest evidence for earthen architecture in North America is found during what period? | Archaic |
| what characteristics did Cahokia posses that warrant its inclusion in the ranks of complex chiefdom/early pre-state societies? | monumental works/elite burials |
| which of the following has been associated with the Late Preclassic Maya period? | all of the above (writing, social stratification, polychrome pottery) |
| the dietary trinity is what? | corns, beans, and squash |
| Lower Egypt is | the area of the Nile Delta |
| The Maya were originally considered to be a peaceful people until their hieroglyphs were deciphered | true |
| The analysis of coprolite found at the Cowboy Wash site shows | the past is open to interpretation, and we must be careful how the media and scientists project these interpretations |
| The explorations of the Spanish brought disease and terrible destruction to the Inca. Modern archaeologists are working hard to recover and preserve those Inca artifacts that were not destroyed; including their mummified royals. | true |
| Social status differentiation can be determined from burials through the analysis of all the following except | burial orientation towards the east (rising sun) |
| NAGPRA is | the native american graves protection and repatriation act |
| all archaeologists agree that the Hohokam and Ancestral Puebloan cultures has a formal government in place in prehistoric times | false |
| paleoanthropology refers to | the study of human evolution |
| LiDAR is a new beneficial technology that enables archaeologists to see otherwise hidden features, like Mayan terraces | true |
| all of the following are characteristics of radiocarbon dating except | dates up to 500,000 years |
| the three basic goals of archaeology include the following except | comparing ancient cultures to modern ones |
| evolution is defined as | survival of the fittest |
| the law of superposition | older things are on bottom layers |
| all is true of Dendrochronology except | we can't use this in Europe |
| which of these is considered an anthropologist? | all of the above |
| which is NOT a sub-discipline of anthropology? | history |
| dating- ceramic pot from central ohio | thermoluminescence |
| dating- leather from 50,000 YA european site | radio-carbon |
| dating- oldowan tools in Ethiopia | potassium-argon? |
| dating- wooden beam in the American southwest | dendrochronology |
| dating- obsidian tool of Classic Period Maya | obsidian hydration |
| dating- charcoal from 10,000 YA | radio-carbon |
| dating- grass sandal | radio-carbon |
| (absolute/relative&direct/indirect): potassium argon | absolute, indirect |
| (absolute/relative&direct/indirect): radiocarbon | absolute, direct |
| (absolute/relative&direct/indirect): dendrochronology | relative, direct |
| (absolute/relative&direct/indirect): archaeomagnetism | absolute, direct |
| (absolute/relative&direct/indirect): time markers/diagnostic artifacts | relative, indirect |
| agricultural people have more economic incentives to have more children | true |
| hunter-gatherers engage in agricultural behavior without ever becoming farmers | true |
| adoption of an agricultural way of life in some areas led to... | greater sedentism, population increase, greater complexity *all of the above |
| agriculture results in | *none of the above (NOT more health; NOT less warfare; NOT more free time) |
| farming is a recent variation for the human race | true |
| agriculture and foraging are equally intense subsistence strategies | false |
| why is agriculture the devil's bargain? (3) | nutritional value; cyclic process; disease |
| biological anthropology | the study of the biological aspects of humans |
| cultural anthropology | the study of non-western culture |
| ethnology | the study of all parts of culture |
| participant observation | (cultural anthro) live w/ people they study |
| diachronic | development/changes through time |
| synchronic | emphasizes the contemporary state |
| Late Uruk | elaboration of high-status life and religious ritual (ziggurats); knowledge class |
| Early Dynastic (Meso) | specialists attached to institutions or important people; kings named; slaves |
| Agade period | Sargon of Agade succeeded in conquering all of Mesopotamia |
| Mesopotamia time periods (in order) | HHSUU(E)DA hassuna, halaf, samarra, ubiad, uruk, early dynastic, agade |
| Egypt | characterized by periods of strong central unity separated by periods of disorder |
| upper nile | (further south)-> habitable land is along the floodplain |
| lower nile | (further north)-> delta |
| was irrigation used in Egypt? | nope! |
| Menetho | historian of 3rd century BC (studied Egypt) |
| Early Dynastic (egypt) | 31 dynasties over 3000 years (old, middle, new) |
| Old Kingdom | (egypt) pyramids, sphinx (stepped, flat, then great pyramids) (ARCHITECTURE that we learn about) |
| Middle Kingdom | (egypt) smaller/less impressive pyramids |
| New Kingdom | burials were in deep, rock-cut tombs (POWER that we learn about) |
| type of writing in Uruk | pre-cuneiform (not spoken utterances) pierced tokens, clay envelopes *associated w/ powerful people |
| Early Dynastic (Meso) type of writing | (cuneiform)-> angular stylus against clay (from pictures to arbitrary letters) |
| Rosetta Stone | narrative written by Ptolemy V |
| Sumer vs. Egypt | Egypt had one single power; both were bureaucratic; more power struggles in Meso; more stratification in Egypt (surplus) |
| were Mayan city centers densely populated? | no! |
| Cenotes | deep sink holes (Maya) used for water and sacrifices |
| camote | sweet potato used by the Mayans |
| Mayan Cultural Traits | ceremonial centers w/ pyramids; open plaza centers; palaces, ball courts; mural painting; decorated ceramics; priests; kings/queens |
| Mayan time periods in order | (EMLELT) Early preclassic, middle preclassic, late preclassic, early classic, late classic, terminal |
| Mayan Early Preclassic | human disturbance and maize |
| Mayan Middle Preclassic | explosion of population in lowlands |
| Mayan Late Preclassic | main features of Mayan civilization in place (polychrome pottery, jade jewelry, stelae, causeways, bark paper, religious writing, propaganda, calendar, 3x population) |
| Mayan stratification | women pierced tongues, men pierced penises; different pottery for nobles' burials |
| Mayan Early Classic | in contact w/ Teotihuacan; unstable rule (never one place); specialists; farmers supplement to feed selves (not controlled by the state |
| Mayan Late Classic | Teotihuacan in decline (thus less trading), population overgrowth, more monuments, competitive economy b/w city-states, warfare |
| Mayan Terminal Classic | disease, overpopulation, over-farming (erosion), arms race in monument construction` |
| Paleoindians | large game hunters (Clovis, Folsom) |
| Archaic | increased reliance on plant foods and small game; smaller foraging ranges |
| Woodland | sedentism, ceramics, domesticated plants, mounds |
| Mississippian | agricultural communities, chiefdom |
| who is the "father of archaeology"? | Thomas Jefferson |
| thoughts about Moundbuilders in 1800s | they were smarter than current Native Americans (not true) |
| shapes of burial mounds | linear, animal-shaped, conical, circular, zig-zag, biconical, problematic, oval |
| Watson Brake/Poverty Point mounds | oldest (end of Archaic) no agriculture |
| Adena Mounds | (no surplus, no stratified class, no organization, no writing/science) |
| Hopewell Mounds | effigy mounds; trade network (no surplus, stratified class, organization, writing/science) |
| Mississippian Mounds | high status lived on top of mounds; no science; decline is a mystery |
| Cahokia | (mississippian- largest structure north of Mesoamerica) |
| Jared Diamond: 5 point framework | human impacts on environment, climate change, relations w/ friendly societies, relations w/ unfriendly societies, political/economic/cultural factors |
| general conclusions of collapsed societies | build up, peak, fast decline |
| why problems don't get solved (and lead to collapse) | conflicts of interest b/w elites and society as a whole |
| resolutions to societal collapse | fix time bombs, or they will fix themselves in an unpleasant way |
| SAA code of ethics | stewardship (conservation), commercialization (discourage it), outreach (teach) |
| SAA cyclical problem | ideas of it conflict w/ one another |
| Ishi, the "Last Wild Indian" | forced to be a research subject for remainder of his life (brain returned >50 years later) |
| Antiquities Act of 1906 | Theodore Roosevelt-> allows any president to provide protection of a site |
| National Historic Preservation Act | advisory council, national register, preservation office, section 106 (review process) |
| Successes of NAGPRA | 39,000 bodies returned |
| Failures of NAGPRA | how is it decided who gets things back? how do you prove it? -cultural affiliation is supposed to count- but what about scientifically proving they're not related? |
| Kennewick Man | different features from NA's; projectile lodged in hip; 9-year battle; in museum but can't be viewed (compromise) |
| circumscription | being surrounded by environmental boundaries & thus required context or warfare for more food |
| anthropogenic | a process resulting from human activity |
| terracotta | a hard, brown-orange earthenware clay |
| tholoi | ancient mesopotamian round structure |
| pantheon | the officially recognized gods of a people |
| carnelian | a reddish variety of quartz (Mesopotamia) |
| scapulimancy | the ancient practice of seeing knowledge in cracks of bones |
| soapstone/steatite | easy to carve |
| intaglio | an engraving in stone or other hard material that is depressed below the surface |
| chlorite | green stone that resembles mica |
| serpentine | dull green stone w/ mottled appearance |
| pipal tree | in Asia & has significance for those cultures |
| papyrus | a tall marsh plant of the Nile valley that Egyptians wrote on |
| necropolis | cemetery (greek) |
| wadi | dry stream bed (arabic) |
| shaduf | egyptian bucket and lever lifting device |
| Jenne-jeno | west africa |
| Angkor | maritime kingdom in SE asia |
| Zimbabwe | trading center |
| gorget | circular ornament worn over the chest |
| charnel house | where the dead are placed |
| talud-tablero | architecture of Teotihuacan |
| patrilocal | families live w/ husband (Teotihuacan) |
| capital of Aztec society | Tenochtitlan |
| Aztec markets | very advanced |
| Incas | highlands/lowlands; roads, astronomy; beer; |
| Distinguished lecture article | don't fail at communication; the bridge to the 21st century may be difficult |
| Mayan Archaeologists Turn to the Living to Help Save the Dead article | improve economy=save archaeological sites |
| Uncovering American's Pyramid Builders article | Cahokia: "you're not a society"; fairly populous; never had written language; peaceful; matriarchal; protein-poor diet may have been why they left |
| A Coprological View of Ancestral Puebloan Cannibalism article | cannibal did happen; but it was not common |
| Uncovering Secrets of the Sphinx article | one thing of limestone; lined up with the sun; built at a time of more rainfall |
| Lofty Ambitions of the Inca article | small villages organized together; no writing; mummies stolen |
| Earth Movers article | in Brazil's rainforest; no stone for building |
| Lost Cites of the Amazon article | garden cities; walled towns in the Amazon |
| The Past as Propaganda article | Hitler's archaeologists distorted European prehistory to justify racist goals |
| Order of N. American civilizations | EHHAWS Early mounds, Hohokam, Hopewell, Ancestral Puebloan, Woodland, Mississippian |
| Olmec | yes state/rituals |
| Indus Valley | yes state/handicraft |
| Hohokam | Phoenix basin; Snaketown |
| Chaco Canyon | Ancestral Puebloan |
| Ancestral Puebloan aka | Anasazi (means evil enemy in Navajo) |
| Pueblo Bonito | Ancestral Puebloan- 4 stories, in the middle of nowhere |
| Kiva | sunken roof ceremonial structures (Ancestral Puebloan) |
| Mogollon | not much known (America); heavily looted sites |
Created by:
melaniebeale
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