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Intercellular
Medical Cell Biology
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Hydrophobic | Small, easily diffuse across membrane, activate receptors inside target cells (transcription factor), directly interact |
| Hydrophilic | Large, cannot across membrane, use cell surface receptors to transmit signals within cells |
| Types of receptors | Extracellular, transmembrane receptor, membrane receptor, intracellular receptor |
| Membrane receptors/cell surface receptor | Ion channel (linked receptor), G-protein coupled receptors, enzyme-linked receptors |
| G-protein coupled receptor | 7 TM proteins, activate trimeric G-protein (alpha, beta, gamma), Activated alpha-subunit will activate adenyl cyclase, which will increase cAMP, which will activate PKA, which will increase transcrpition |
| Ion channel-linked receptor | cation and anion channels, involved rapid signalling-excitatory neurons, opening and closing of channels is controlled by Nt |
| Enzyme linked receptor | enzyme binds to a receptor |
| Steroid receptors are associate with the following: | Zinc finger and HRE (hormone response element) |
| Muscurinic | when acetylcholine binds to an organ receptor |
| The effects of acetylcholine binding to a salivary gland? | Saliva secretion |
| The effects of acetylcholine on a heart biological receptor? | Decrease rate and force of contraction |
| The effects of acetylcholine on a nicotinic receptor | Depolarization and contraction |
| Short Distance Cell Signaling | Paracrine, autocrine, and juxtacrine |
| Long distance Cell Signaling | Endocrine and synaptic |
| Paracrine | chemicals are releases in extracellular environment, exerts effect on neighboring cells. Example: NEUROTRANSMITTER |
| Autocrine | Effect on itself, cells that synthesize the ligands-release the signaling ligand, which then act on the same cell. Example: INTERLEUKIN |
| Juxtacrine | Ligand not released from synthesizing cells, remain attach to the plasma membrane, interact with receptors on adjacent cells. Example: Epidermal growth factor |
| Endocrine | Hormone-released into circulation. Example: Insulin or Glucagon |
| Synaptic | Specialized form of paracrine, signals are transmitted along neuronal processes |
| Hormones | Diverse activities, act over long distances, time scale is from min-years, endocrine glands (pituitary, thyroid, pancreas, etc.), enter circulation-induce many changes in the cells |
| 2 Groups of hormones | 1. Lipophilic (hydrophobic)-steroid hormones 2. hydrophillic |
| Lipophilic hormone | Easily pass through membrane, synthesized from cholesterol, do not store hormones, time is from hours to days, has nuclear receptors. Examples: sex hormones, corticosteroids, iodothyroxines (thyroid hormones). |
| Retinoids | Synthesized from VITAMIN A and not from CHOLESTEROL |
| Hormone signaling pathway | Hormone diffuse through plasma membrane, bind to nuclear receptor, forms a hormone/receptor complex, complex binds to HRE at the promoter region of DNA, gene transcription |
| Glucocorticoid receptors | Receptor located in cytosol and is bound to HSP 70/90 (inactive), when receptor ligand complex is formed, HSP 70/90 is displaced, the whole complex translocates to the nucleus, dimer activates gene transcription |
| Estrogen receptor signaling pathway | In nucleus inactive when bound to Hsp 90, when estrogen bound to receptor-displays Hsp90, activated receptor with estrogen-form a dimer, the dimer then bind to DNA w/HAT associated |
| Thyroid Receptors | Receptor binds to DNA with or without presence of ligand. Absence of ligand--receptor is bound to HDAC. Presence of ligand -- receptor is bound to HAT |
| Hydrophilic Peptide | Release hormone into the blood, bind to surface receptor, generates 2nd messenge, (IP3/cAMP), immediate action but only last a short time b/c hormones are quickly degraded. |
| 3 Classes | GPCR, Ligand-gated ion channel, catalytic receptors (insulin-tyrosine kinase receptor) |
| Somatotropes | Secrete growth hr |
| Lactotropes | Secretes prolactin |
| Corticotrophs | Secrete adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) |
| Thyrotropes | Secrete thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) |
| Gonadotrophs | Secrete follicle-stimulating hormone FSH and luteinizing hormone (LH) |
| Classical Pituitary | somatotropes, lactotropes, corticotrophs, thyrotropes, gonadotrophs |
| Non-classical hormone of pituitary | Growth factor, cytokines, neurotransmitter |
| Growth factors | Mitogen, trophic factors, survival factors |
| Mitogen | cell proliferation |
| Trophic factors | promote growth |
| survival factors | inhibit apoptosis |
| NGF | down regulate = apoptosis, upregulate = survival |
| EGF | epidermal growth factor, cell proliferation |
| TGF-alpha | high concentration, stimulate growth, low concentration-inhibit growth |
| PDGF | platelet derived growth factor, tissue repair |
| VEGF | Vascular endothelial growth factor, increase vascular permeability |
| Interleukin | proliferation and differentiation of the T and B lymphocytes |
| Inhibins | Inhibits FSH secretion |
| Activin | Regulate formation of early embryonic nervous system |
| Interferons | Antiviral effects |
| TNF | Tumor necrosis factor, suppression of tumor |
| Insulin like GF | mitogens, tropic, survival factors |
Created by:
jsabangan
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