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Unit 6
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What assisted researchers in making rapid advances in science that spread throughout the world? | The development of new technology |
| What did new modes of communication and transportation eliminate? | The problem of geographic distance |
| What did new scientific paradigma transform? | Human understanding of the world |
| What does the Big Bang theory describe? | The early development of the universe |
| What happened to matter according to the Big Bang Theory? | It was tightly packed, and as it heated, began to rapidly expand. As it it cooled energy was converted into subatomic particles. |
| What are three subatomic particles? | Protons, neutrons, and electrons |
| What was the first element formed, and what was formed from that? | Hydrogen was formed first, and from that, other elements |
| What was formed over time according to the Big Bang Theory? | Stars, galaxies, and the entire solar system |
| What did the Green Revoulation produce? | Food for the earth's growing population |
| What did the Green Revolution spread? | Chemically and genetically enhanced forms of agriculture |
| What did medical innovations increase? | The ability of humans to survive |
| What is polio? | A virus that can lead to extreme paralysis and even death |
| The polio vaccine was the first...? | Modern mass vaccination administered to children |
| What happened to the polio virus by 1988? | It was eradicated in the U.S. and other modernized countries |
| What was officially introduced in 1942? | Formal antibiotics |
| What do antibiotics do? | Help kill bacteria |
| Before antibiotics, how were many illnesses treated? | By folklore |
| What is the most significant antibiotic? | Penicillin |
| Energy technologies including the use of oil and nuclear power did what? | Raised productivity and increased the production of material goods |
| What happened as the global population expanded at an unprecedented rate? | Humans fundamentally changed their relationship with the environment |
| What did humans exploit and compete over more intensely that ever before in human history? | The earth's finite resources |
| What are some examples of finite resources? | Oil in the Middle East, Lumber, and Coal |
| What was global warming a major consequence of? | The release of greenhouse gases and other pollutants into the atmosphere |
| What came about becaues of global warming? | Hyper-industrialization |
| What came about because of hyper-industrialization? | The West becoming consumerist |
| What did pollution threaten? | The world's supply of water and clean air. |
| What weretwo continuing consequences of the human impact on the environmen? | Deforestation and desertification |
| What happened to the rates of extinction of other species? | It accelerated sharply |
| What did disease, scientific innovations, and conflict lead to? | Demographic shifts |
| What happened to diseases associated with poverty? | They persisted |
| What is malaria? | A mosquito borne infectious disease that primarily affects tropical areas such as Africa, Asia, And Latin America |
| What emerged as new epidemics and threats to human survival? | Other diseases |
| HIV/AIDS was identified as a virus in 1981. Which one is the disease, and which one is the virus? | HIV - Virus AIDS - Disease |
| What does HIV affect? | The immune system |
| Not everyone with HIV develops...? | AIDS |
| There is no cure for HIV, and treatment simply...? | Slows infection |
| How is HIV transmitted? | By unprotected sex, contanminated blood transfusions, hypodermic needles, and from mother to child |
| What led to higher incidences of certain diseases? | Changing lifestyles and increased longevity |
| What are two common diseases linked to our modern sedentary lifestyle? | Diabetes and heart disease |
| Although there is no vaccine for malaria, malaria is a __________ and ___________ disease. | Highly preventable and treatble |
| What can help prevent and treat malaria? | Prevent - mosquito nets Treat - medication |
| Where does the disease malaria persist? | In poverty stricken areas where people do not have the financial means for preventative nets or medical treatment |
| What did more effective forms of birth control give women? | Greater control over fertility |
| What did more effect forms of birth control transform? | Sexual practices |
| What were three effects of the release of more effective forms of birth control? | A lowered birth-rate, women were given more control over practices because they could have sex without the risk of pregnancy, and it empowered women to control their own destinies, because they could choose to not have children and be professionals |
| What did improved military technology and new tactics lead to? | Increased levels of wartime casualities |
| Enriched uranium led to what? | The development of the atomic bomb in the US in 1945 |
| What is the Manhattan Project? | When the US was creating the first atomic bomb |
| Atomic bombs have only been used twice in war. What are those two times? | Hiroshima and Nagasaki |
| Not only the atomic bomb is devastating, but the _______ is also deadly. | Nuclear fallout |
| Trench warfare was a form of warfare used in...? | World War I |
| What was trench warfare? | When both sides constructed elaborate trench and dugout systems opposing each other along a front, protected from assault by barbed wire |
| What was the area between the opposing trench lines called? | "No Man's Land" |
| What was "No Man's Land"? | The area between opposing trench lines that was fully exposed to artillery fire from both sides. |
| Attacks with trench warfare, even if successful, often sustained what? | Severe casualities |
| Some areas experienced daily casualities through...? | Sniper fire, artillery, disease, and poison gas |
| How were conditions in the trenches? | Poor |
| Common infections in the trenches included...? | Dysentery, typhus, and cholera |
| What did many soldiers suffer from in trench warfare? | Parasites and related infections |
| What did poor hygiene in the trenches lead to? | Fungal conditions such as trench mouth and trench foot |
| What was a common killer, other than disease and weapons, in the trench warfare and why? | Exposure, because the temperature within a trench in the winter could easily fall below freezing |
| What is Mustard Gas called? | Yperite |
| Who first used mustard gas? | The German Army in September 1917 |
| What is mustard gas? | An odorless poisonous chemicl that took twelve hours to take effect. It was so powerful that only small amounts had to be added to high explosive shells to be effective. |
| Once in the soil, how long did mustard gas remain active? | Several weeks |
| What happened to victims of mustard gas? | Their skin blistered, their eyes became sore, and they would begin to vomit. It caused internal and external bleeding, and attacked the bronchial tubes, stripping off the mucous membrane. They would eventually suffocate |
| What was The Rape of Nanjing? | A Chinese massaacre during the Second Sino (Chinese) - Japanese War in 1937, where 250-300,000 Chinese civilians and unarmed soldiers were killed by the Japanese imperial army |
| What are two examples of increased wartime casualities? | The first real use of airplanes in a war, which was WWII, and Airstrikes, or fire-bombing |
| Who dominated the global political order at the beginning of the twentieth cantury? | Europe |
| Both land-based and transoceanic empires gave way to what by the end of the twentieth century? | New forms of transregional political organization |
| What three older land-based empires collapsed due to a combination of internal and external factors? | The Ottoman, Russian, and Qing |
| Why did the Ottoman, Russian, and Qing empires fall? | They didn't industrialize in time |
| What did the West have to do with the falls of the Ottoman, Russian, and Qing empires? | They industrialized much sooner and took advantage of them |
| What was too late in the fall of the Ottoman Empire? | The tanzimet reforms |
| Who did the Ottomans join in WWI? | The Central Powers, or bad guys |
| What happened that dissolved the Ottoman Empire? | Ataturk, the father of the Turks, used nationalism to free Turkey from the empire |
| Russia had big lossed against who in WWI? | Germany |
| What was in Russia before WWI started? | Starvation |
| Who was the last czar of Russia, and what was he focused on? | Nicholas II, war |
| What did Vladimir Lenin do for Russia? | He lead a soviet labor union called the Bolsheviks, promising peace, land, and power to peasants and soldiers. He overthrew the czar and made Russia the Soviet Union by adding nearby countries in Eastern Europe. |
| Who was Sun Yat-sen? | A Chinese who led a nationalist overthrow of the Qing Dynasty |
| What was the nationalist overthrow of the Qing dynasty called? | Kuomingdang, or KMT |
| KMT was more western because they were democratic, but they were really...? | Autocratic |
| Who did Sun Yat-sen want to kick out of China? | Westerners and Japanese |
| Who took over KMT? | Chiang Kai-Shek |
| KMT under Chiang Kai-Shek fought who? | The Japanese in the northeast and communist China in the northwest |
| Who did KMT align with under Chiang Kai-Shek? When did this take place? | Communist Russia, during WWII |
| KMT was defeated by who in 1949? | Mao Zedong's communist army |
| Where did Mao Zedong push the people of the KMT to? | Taiwan, which claims to be the real China |
| What did some colonies negotiate? | Their independence |
| Who controlled India since the Sepoy Mutiny? | England |
| Who led protestors in India and using non-violence? | Mahatma Mohandas Gandhi |
| What does Mahatma mean? | Great Soul |
| Gandhi's protests were to show...? | The brutality of imperial rule |
| Although Candhi was constantly beaten, his protests led to...? | England seeing its own wrong |
| Indian negotiated independence, but its northern corners were carved out for...? | Pakistan |
| There were crazy wars in Northern India/Pakistan over what? | Kashmir, or disputed Hindu/Muslim land |
| Who did East Pakistan eventually want indepence from? What did they become? | West Pakistan, Bangladesh |
| How did some colonies achieve independence? | Through armed supplies |
| Who did Vietnam fight for independence? | France |
| Vietnam defeated France in the 1950s and split into what? What were both of these regions? | North(Commie) Veitnam, and South(Cappie) Vietnam. Both were independent |
| What did America do when they became scared of Vietnam becoming communist? | Led forces to take down North Vietnamese leader Ho Chi Minh in the Vietnam War |
| Why was America scared of Vietnam becoming communist? | They feared that if Vietnam became communist, their neighbors would to. "Dominoe Effect" |
| A peace agreement eventually did what for Vietnam? | Made all of the region communist |
| Who also fought off France for independence in the 1960s? | Algeria |
| What did emerging ideologies of anti-imperialism contribute to? | The dissolution of empires and the restructuring of states |
| What did nationalist leaders in Asia and Africa challenge? | Imperial rule |
| How did Ho Chi Minh challenge imperial rule? | With violence and commuism against France |
| How did Gandhi challenge imperial rule? | With non-violence and peace-nicking against England |
| What did regional, religious, and ethnic movements challenge? | Both colonial rule and inherited imperial boundaries |
| Who was Muhammad Ali Jinnah? | He rallied Muslims to fight for a Muslim state (Pakistan) in India by using Islam |
| What was Biafra? | A region in south Nigeria that separated from Nigeria. |
| Who was Nigeria given independence from in 1966? | England |
| Although Nigeria was mostly Muslim, what group wanted to be their own country? | The Christians in the south |
| Why did the Christians in Nigeria want to be their oen country? | Nationalism, and because they had most of the petroleum and didn't want to share it. |
| How long did the Christian south of Nigeria secede for? What was there country called? | Three years, Biafra |
| What were the Christians in Nigeria motivated by? | "The will of God for Independence" |
| What eventually happened to Biafra? | It was crushed and reabsorbed by stronger Nigeria |
| The army in Biafra was led by whom? | A guy nicknamed "The Black Scorpion" |
| What is Parti Quebecois? | Quebec Separatist Party |
| What did the Quebec Spearatist Party speak, and who didn't they like? | Spoke French, didn't like Anglophones, or English speakers |
| The Quebec Separatist Party won seat in the...? | Quebec State Parliament |
| Although the Quebec Separatist Party had popular support, what did they never get? | Enough votes to secede |
| What did transnatinal movements seek to do? | Unite people across national boundaries |
| What countries are communist in this unit? | Eastern Europe, Russia, China, North Korea, some African countries, Vietnam, and Cuba |
| How was communism separated in Europe? | By "The Iron Curtain" |
| What is the iron curtain? | An imaginary line that separated capitalist and communist Europe |
| In Asia, communism started from where and spreaded where? | Started from the USSR and spread south |
| Who was Lenin? | He promoted communism with his COMINTERM group, or Communist International. |
| When did capitalist and communism drama start? | After WWII |
| What is NATO? | The North Atlantic Treaty Organization, which was a promise between the U.S. and Western Europe to protect one another from communist countries |
| What did the USSR create? | The Warsaw Pact to protect from capitalists |
| What makes communism a dominant force? | COMINTERN and the Warsaw Pact |
| What grows in the 1950-60s | Pan Africanism |
| What does Pan Africanism mean? | Across Africa |
| What did the people of Africa see the African diaspora as? | The cause for current economic and cultural problems |
| How did the people of Africa see people of African descent? | They were all linked and must come together for the good of their people. |
| The people of Africa believed thatby coming together, they could make Africa as strong as who? | The U.S. |
| Movements to redistribute land and resources developed where? | Within states in Africa, Asia, and Latin America |
| What was sometimes advocated when movements to redistribute land and resources developed? | Communism and socialism |
| Land issues led to the rise of communism where? | In North Korea and Cuba |
| What did the redrawing of old colonial boundaries lead to? | Population resettlements |
| What country was redrawn as separate countries? | India |
| Who did Isreal belong to first? What happened? | The Jews. They were ran out bu ancient Romans, then the Muslims showed up and liked the land a lot. |
| Who gained control of Palestine after WW!? What did they say? | England, they said the Jews could come back to Israel in the Balfour Declaration |
| After WWII, the UN said what about Israel? | It should be divided into a Muslim and a Jewish country |
| Who took control of Israel, the Muslims or Jews? What is the other group doing? | The Jews took control, and the Muslims are still fighting for their land today |
| What happened to the Middle East after the fall of the Ottoman Empire? | It became individual states |
| Why was each country in the Middle East powerful? | It has control over its oil |
| After 1900, what is the most important resource in the world? | Petroleum |
| What did the Middle East creat concerning oil, and what does this organzation do? | OPEC (Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries). They cut the production of oil to raise demand and prices in the 1970s |
| What did the migration of former colonial subjects to imperial metropoles maintain? | Cultural and economic ties between the colony and the metropole even after the dissolution of empires |
| What is a metropole? | A mother, or huge, city |
| Where do Indians still migrate to? | London, even after their independence |
| Where do Algerians still migrate to today? | Paris, even after thier independence from France. |
| What did the proliferation of conflicts lead to? | Various forms of ethnic violence and the displacement of peoples |
| What did various forms of ethnic violence and the displacement of peoples result in? | Refugee populations |
| What did Heinrich Himmler do? | Forced people from occupied countries to be slaves to the Germans |
| Who did Hitler think created the German culture, and who did he believe had always tried to destroy it? | Create - Aryans Destroy - Jews |
| What did Hitler convince many people about the Jews? | That the Jews were working with the Americans to keep Germany in a depression after Black Tuesday |
| What did Reinhard Heydrich do? | Started the final solution to the Jews, ethnic cleansing |
| What were mobile killing units? | They went to towns, killed the Jews, and built mass graves |
| How many concentration camps were in Poland? Which was the biggest? | 6 camps, Auschwitz was the biggest |
| What percentage of the Jews worked in camps? | 30% |
| What happened to the Jews were weren't killed or forced to work in a camp? | They were medically experimented on |
| How many Jews and non Jews were killed in the Holocaust? | 6 million Jews, 10 million non Jews |
| How many Jews out of every 3 were killed in Europe? | 2 |
| Who were the non Jews that were killed? | Roma, or gypsies |
| What did allies think about the Holocaust? What were they most focused on? | Thought the account of the Holocaust were exaggerated. They were mainly focused on ending the war. |
| Who was in charge of the Armenian genocide and when? | The Ottoman Empire during and after WWI |
| Who saw Armenians as a threat and a problem? | The Ottomans and the new "Turkey" led by Young Turks |
| What did the Ottomans and Turks want due to nationalism? | Freedoms and independence |
| How many Armenian Christians were killed in the Armenian Genocide? | Between 1 and 1.5 million |
| Who was killed first in the Armenian genocide? Then what happened? | First it was able-bodied men, then there was deportation on death march into the desert by women, children, and the elderly/sck. |
| Who occupied Rwanda in the 1800s? | Germany and Belgium |
| After Germany and Belgium left Rwanda, who did they put in charge? | The Tutsi. or lighter skinned people |
| How much of the population of Rwanda were the Tutsi? | 15% |
| Who were the Hutu in Rwanda and what did they do? | They were the darker skinned people, and they staged a coup and took over the government in 1972 |
| What did a civil war in 1994 in Rwanda lead to? | The Hutu killing 800,000 Tutsi in 100 days |
| Where was the Darfur Genocide? | Eastern Sudan |
| What group of people mostly made of Dalfur? | Non-Muslims |
| What did the Muslims control in Darfur, and what did they see Darfur as? | Controlled the government and saw Darfur as a threat |
| What is Janjaweeed, and what did the Muslims pay them to do? | Janjaweed is an independent military group, and the Muslims paid them murder people in Dalfur |
| How many people died in the Darfur Genocide? What happened to the others? | 100,000 people died. The rest starved or fled to neighboring countries |
| What occured on an unprecendented global scale? | Military conflicts |
| What two wars were the first total wars? | WWI and II |
| What is a total war? | When the entire country is part of the war |
| In what ways were entire countries part of a war? | Factories made weapons, women sewed uniforms, and children collected cans to donate to the war effort |
| What are war bonds? | Giving money to the government for the war, and getting paid back ten years later with interest |
| What resources did governments use for war? | Forced consription, or draft, propaganda, and colonial holdings |
| What groups were forced to fight in WWI? | Africans and Indian |
| What did governments push as reasons for people to fight? | Nationalism, communism, and socialism |
| What does the sorces of global conflict in the first half of the century varied mean? | There were lots of reasons for WWI and WWII |
| What two countries had imperialist expansion and were reasons for global conflict? | Europe and Japan |
| What resourcs were there competition for? | Middle Eastern and Vietnamese/Southeast Asia oil, and rubber from Central Africa |
| What two ethnicities had ethnic conflict? | The Serbians and Hungarians |
| There were great power rivalries between what two countries? | Great Britain and Germany |
| Germany was a new what? | Growing power |
| There was drama leftover with France after what? | The Franco-Prussian War |
| What did Germany start and why? | The Triple Alliance to protect themself from Fance |
| What three countries were in the Triple Alliance? | Germany, Italy, and Austria-Hungary |
| What three countries were in the Triple Entente? | France, England, and Russia |
| What did France, England, and Russia start the Triple Entente? | To protect each other from the Alliance |
| What did nationalist ideologies lead to? | The building of huge armies and distrust of other countries |
| What lead to the drama in WWII? | The economic crisis engendered by the Great Depression |
| Why did WWI start? | Over drama between Serbia and Austri-Hungary over land |
| Who was killed that led to the start of WWI? | Archduke Ferdinand and his pregnant wife |
| What kind of war was WWI? | A total war |
| What is a war of attrition? | A war where you wear the enemy down, and kill more than you lose. |
| What country turned on the Triple Alliance? | Italy |
| What was the Triple Entente later renamed? | The Allies |
| What was the Triple Alliance later renamed? | The Central Powers |
| What country joined the Central Powers? | The Ottoman Empire |
| Who led to the overthrow of the Ottoman empire? | Lawrence of Arabia |
| Where did Lawrence of Arabia from England use troops from in the overthrow of the Ottoman empire? | Austrailia, India, and New Zealand |
| What did German submarines do? | Sink the Lusitania, a civilian ship, which killed 100 Americans |
| What did the Germans do at the United States request? | Stopped using submarines |
| Why did the United States enter WWI? | Germany restarted using submarines |
| What advantages did the United States bring to the Allies? | Men, money, and a psychological advantage |
| Why did Russia quit WWI? | To go deal with their Russian Revolution |
| What did the United States do when they joined WWI? | Marched into Germany and forced them to surrender. |
| What did France make Germany do after they had surrendered in WWI? | Germany had to pay for the entire war, forfeit any war weapons, and create a buffer country between the two countries |
| What empire was gone? | The Ottoman |
| After WWI, the Allies promised to regognize new countries, but what did they do instead? | Took those countries over |
| What countries did France get after WWI? | Lebanon and Syria |
| What countries did England get after WWI? | Iraq and Palestine |
| How many died in WWI? | 10 million people |
| What was the Defence of the Realm Act? | It came from England, and limited freedoms in the name of security and banned freedom of speech |
| What led to strong leaders? | Fear of revolutions and bad conditions |
| Who did Russia lose to before they had their revolution? | Japan |
| What country was not prepared for WWI? | Russia |
| What did Czar Nicholas II do? | Although he wasn't trained, he ran the army |
| What were the soldiers in Russia during the Russian Revolution like? | Untrained, and many didn't have guns |
| What was the March Revolution? | Women went on strike because of bread rations. Czar Nicholas II sent his troops to shoot the protesters, but instead they joined then, and Nicholas stepped down. |
| Who were the Dumas and what did they do? | They were the legislature in Russia, and they met and took power after Czar Nicholas II |
| What was the soviet Lenin had called? | The Bolsheviks |
| What did Lenin promise? | Peace, bread, and land |
| What did Lenin overthrow? | The Duma |
| What did the Allies try to do to Russia? | Tried to get them back in the war |
| What color represented the communist and the anti-communists? | Red was communist White was anti-communist |
| What eventually happened to Czar Nicholas II and his family? | The soviets murdered them, burned their bodies, and dumped their ashes down a mineshaft |
| Did communism or anti-communism win in Russia? What did this win do? | Communism won, made Russia completely communist |
| What are Cheka? | Police who destror dissent after Russia became communist. |
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1213CaitlynMullins
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