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Anthropology Exam 2.
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| V. Gordon Child | Major technology developments as responsible for cultural growth and believed that environmental factors stimulated adaptations as well as impeded cultures from growing. |
| Leslie White-neoevolution | a model of cultural evolution based on types of technology and food-procurement strategies, and the sociocultural adaptations that resulted from them. |
| Julian Steward | an evolutionary model of culture emphasizing different development patterns for societies in different habitats. |
| Marshall D. Sahlins & Elman R. Service | general cultural evolution is the successive emergence of new levels of all-round development. |
| Oldowan Tools | 2 million years ago, used for cutting. |
| Acheulean hand axes | about 1 million years ago, increased technology. |
| Ecological Model | model that views a culture as part of a larger global ecological system with each aspect of the system interacting with all the other parts. |
| Optimal Foraging Model | a model that aims at understanding how foragers optimize the gathering of food. |
| Evolutionary-Ecological Model | paradigm of human culture that combines both the neoevolutionary and ecological perspectives. |
| Technology | the knowledge, tools, and skills used by humans to manipulate their environment. |
| Tools are created by: | 1) knowledge of available raw materials. 2) knowledge and skills to obtain the raw materials. 3) knowledge and skills to manipulate the raw materials to make the desired object. |
| Traditions | Cultural choices consistently made by a society and practiced generation to generation. |
| Foraging | food-procurement strategy that involves collecting wild plant and animal foods. 80% of total diet. |
| Carrying Capacity | the maximum a population that a habitat can sustain or carry. -Availability of food, water and shelter, existence of predators and disease. |
| Bands | type of society common in foraging groups and marked by egalitarian social structure and lack of specialization. |
| Family Band | nuclear family units that move independently within an area. Joins other when resources are plentiful; travels alone at other times. |
| Patrilocal Band | related males and their wives and children who stay together and forage as a group. -Few material possessions. Sharing, giving, receiving. Everyone is equal. |
| Reciprocity | enculturated pattern in which people give and receive items of value in predictable ways. |
| Generalized reciprocity | when everyone gives of time, food, and artifacts and no one keeps track of what is given received. |
| Balanced Reciprocity | involves exchange of favors or items while keeping mental record in the expectation that something of equal value will be returned within reasonable period of time. -Distant Relatives |
| Negative Reciprocity | occurs when one tried to get more than give, often through haggling or theft. -unrelated |
| Egalitarian | members have equal access to status, power, and wealth within the same category such as age or gender. |
| Division of Labor | manner of dividing work based on criteria such as age or gender. |
| Horticulture | a food-procurement strategy based on crop production with out soil preperation, fertilizers, irrigation, or use of draft animals. |
| AMS | accelerator mass spectrometry. -Most horticulture developed in areas where there is sufficient rainfall. Horticulturalist are sedentary. Until the soil is exhausted. |
| Slash-and-Burn | removal of plant material by cutting and burning prepatory to planting. -Larger populations. Kinship systems. Poorer nutrition-lack of diversity. Higher energy budgets. generlists-reciprocity. division of laber-gender roles. Ownership of property. |
| Pastorilism | food-procurement strategy based on herding. -production based of sophisticated technology. Larger pop. prop ownership. improved nutrition. high energy, increased carrying capacity. generalized and balanced recip. |
| Transhumance | variety of patoralism in which herds are moved seasonally. |
| Agriculture | subsistence strategy based on intensive, continuous use of land for the production of plant foods. Cultivation of soils, use of fertilizer, and irrigation. Sedentary |
| Chiefdom | type of society with an office of chief, most commonly hereditary, social ranking, and redistributive economy. |
| Stratified Society | society with uneven access to resources within groups of the same gender and status. -Property ownership. Poor nutrition. low energy. doesn't recipricate. |
| Redistribution | system of exchange in which wealth is relocated; found in chiefdoms and state societies. |
| Market Exchange | trading of goods and services through the use of currency. -supply and demand. |
| Barter | exchange of products that does not involve currency. |
| Commodity money | currency in the form of valued objects such as shells or gold. |
| Fiat money | paper currency back by a nation-state's clain of its value. |
| Symbols are important because: | 1) linguistic confusion can result when terms are translated from native languages to English. 2) it's easier to trace and understand complex relationships with use of visual images. |
| Exogamy | cultural rule that dictates that one must marry outside of a designated group. |
| Nuclear family | married couple and their children. -prevents incest. extend territory. political alliances. stimulate trade. reduce conflicts within families. |
| Endogamy | cultural rule that dictates that one must marry within a designated group. -same religion or racial/ethnic group. maintain cultural identity. |
| Levirate | marriage custom in which a widow marries her deceased husband's brother. also called brother-in-law marriage. |
| Sororate | custom in which a widower marries a sister of his deceased wife. |
| marriage | event that marks important change in status and role. -exclusive sexual relationship. economic interdependence. legitimizes offspring. |
| status | persons position in society |
| role | culturally assigned behaviors and expectations for a person social position |
| Monogamy | form of marriage in which one woman is married to one man. |
| Polygamy | multiple-spouse marriage |
| Polygyny | marriage of one man to two or more women. |
| Polyandry | marriage of one woman to two or more men. |
| Group Marriage | group on individuals of both sexes married to each other. |
| Sister Exchange | Marriage of cross-cousins. Men exchange their sisters as marriage partners. |
| Cross-Cousin | Ego's mother's brother's child and father's brother's sister's child. |
| Parallel-Cousin | Ego's mother's sister's child and father's brother's child. |
| 3 ways marriage partners is chosen: | 1) free choice of spouse. 2) free choice with parental approval. 3) arranged marriage. |
| Bride Wealth | gifts from the groom's family to bride's family. |
| Half-marriage | man pays partial bride wealth and lives with the bride's family and couple's children belong to wife and her family. |
| Family of Orientation | person's childhood family, where enculturation takes place. |
| Consanguineal relatives | kin related by blood. |
| Family of Procreation | kin group consisting of an individual and the individual's spouse and children. |
| Affinal Kin | kin related by marriage |
| Kinship Systems | complexity of a culture's rules governing the relationships between affinal and consanguineal kin. |
| Extended Family | two or more nuclear families that are related be blood and who reside in the same household. |
| household | common residence based economic unit. |
| Neolocal Residence | a post-marriage residence rule that requires the bride and groom to set up an independent household away from both sets of parents. |
| Patrilocal residence | newly married couple go live with groom's father. |
| Virilocal residence | living with husband's group. |
| Matrilocal residence | newly married couple live with bride's mother. -warfare |
| Matrifocal residence | woman and her children residing with out co-residence of a husband. |
| Avunculocal residence | bride and groom reside with or near groom's mother's brother or uncle. |
| Bilocal or ambilocal residence | live with either side of parents. |
| matri-patrilocal residence | groom moves to live with bride's family until bride wealth payments are complete. |
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