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devo test 2
mesoderm and endoderm
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| region of mesoderm that forms the notochord | chordamesoderm |
| region of mesoderm that forms somites | paraxial mesoderm |
| 4 regions of mesoderm | 1) chordamesoderm 2) paraxial mesoderm 3) intermediate mesoderm 4) lateral plate mesoderm |
| somatopleure is composed of these two germ layers | somatic mesoderm and ectoderm |
| splanchnopleure is comprised of these two germ layers | splanchnic mesoderm and endoderm |
| schizocoelous method | a method of forming a coelom where the body cavity originates as a split within a bud of mesodermal tissue at the time of gastrulation |
| lateral body folding | mesoderm, ectoderm and endoderm fold under the embryo and the lateral plate mesoderm develops a cavity so that it forms splanchnic and somatic mesoderm layers. The lateral edges of ectoderm meet at the anterior midline |
| changes in paraxial mesoderm (in three stages) | 1) somites 2) epithelial somites 3) development of somite regions |
| 3 types of somite regions | 1) dermatome 2) sclerotome (mesenchymal) 3) myotome |
| 3 types of muscle cells | 1) smooth 2) cardiac 3) skeletal |
| differentiation of skeletal muscle cells | skeletal muscles arise from the paraxial mesoderm layer |
| differentiation of cardiac musculature | mesoblast cells settle together to form the cardiogenic and the myocardial plates |
| development of skeletal tissues in 3 steps | 1) mesenchyme 2) osteoblasts 3) bony tissue |
| 2 methods of bone formation | 1) intramembranous 2) endochondral |
| intramembranous method of bone formation | a field of mesenchyme and mesenchymal tissue gives rise to bone |
| endochondral bone formation | bone forms first as cartilage and then bone replaces that cartilage |
| describe the relationship between vertebrae, muscles and spinal nerves | ______ im not actually gonna type all that information |
| two germ layers found in limb buds | 1) ectoderm 2) mesoderm |
| limb skeleton is mostly mesenchyme that undergoes this type of bone formation | endochondral |
| Apical Ectodermal Ridge (AER) | seems to be important to the formation of proximal and distal structures and their positioning. Sends signals to mesenchyme telling it to grow outwards forming proximal structures first and distal structures second |
| blood islands | structures from a developing embryo that lead to many different parts of the circulatory system. found in the dorsal aorta as well as other areas |
| hemopoeisis | the process of replacing erythrocytes and other blood cells from a pluripotential hemapoietic stem cell |
| vasculogenesis | the development of blood vessels in an embryo. in this process, angioblasts migrate and differentiate based on local cues such as growth factors and extracellular matrices |
| heart formation | originally there are two heart tubes that fuse to form one heart tube with five chambers |
| 5 chambers of an embryonic heart | 1) truncus arteriosus 2) bulbus cordis 3) ventricle 4) atrium 5) sinus venosis |
| Which two chambers of the heart make up the conus? | 1) truncus arteriosus 2) bulbus cordis |
| atria and ventricles and separated by the | endocardial cushion and the semilunar valves |
| left and right ventricles are separated by | interventricular septum |
| left and right atria are separated by | septum primum, septum secundum and foramen ovale |
| fate of sinus venosus | gets incorporated into the wall of the right atrium to form a smooth part called sinus venarum and the left portion of the sinus venosus becomes the right atrium itself |
| fate of the truncus anteriosus and the bulbus cordis | form the aorticaopulmonary septum which separates the aorta and pulmonary arteries |
| fate of aortic arches 1,2,& 5 in mammals | disappear |
| fate of aortic arch 3 in mammals | becomes the common carotid artery |
| fate of aortic arch 4 in mammals | becomes both part of the aorta and the right subclavian |
| fate of aortic arch 6 in mammals | becomes both the pulmonary arteries and the ductus anteriosus |
| 4 changes in circulation at birth | 1) decrease in blood flow from placenta 2) lungs start to function 3) adult nutrition (intestine - liver) 4) closure of foramen oval, umbilical vessels and ductus arteriosus |
| intermediate mesoderm | a layer of mesoderm that lies between the paraxial mesoderm and the lateral plate |
| nephrogenic cord | a portion of the urogenital ridge that forms the kidneys and the ureter |
| 3 orders of kidneys | 1) pronephric 2) mesonephric 3) metanephric |
| nephrostome | oriented towards the coelem. part of the metanephric kidney. It is lined on the inside with cilia which push water and waste towards into the kidney |
| bowman's capsule | a cup-like sac at the beginning of the tubular component of a nephron and is the first step in blood filtration to form urine. fluids from the blood are collected here and passed further along the nephron to form urine |
| ureteric bud/metanephric diverticulum | a protrusion from the mesonephric duct which later develops into a conduit for urine drainage from the kidneys |
| metanephric mesoderm | one of the two structures that give rise to the kidney. develops mostly into nephrons but can form some of the collecting duct system also |
| allantois | collects embryo water waste and allows for some embryo gas exchange |
| cloaca | a single opening for intestinal and urinary waste as well as reproductive tract |
| urorectal septum | divides the cloaca into two separate dorsal and ventral parts on the inside. it grows downward separating the allantois from the cloacal opening of the intestine. |
| indifferent stage of reproductive system development is characterized by this structure | gonadal ridge |
| primordial germ cells | germ cells that still have to reach the gonads. they divide on their way to the gonads through the gut |
| primary sex cords | structures that develop from the gonadal ridge. in males they form the testes cords and in females they form the cortical cords |
| male reproductive development | medulla hollow out and become seminiferous tubules and the cortex regresses to mesothelium |
| female reproductive development | medulla largely degenerates. cortex thickens as secondary sex cords |
| wolffian/mesonephric duct | connects the cloaca to the primitive kidney and serves as the anlage for the male reproductive organs and form the epididymus and the vas deferens |
| paramesonephric duct/mullerian duct | run down lateral sides of the urogenital ridge develop into the fallopian tubes, uterus, cervix and upper 2/3's of the vagina |
| anti mullerian duct factor | prohibits the formation of mullerian ducts in the male embryo |
| urogenital folds | folds derived from the cloacal folds |
| genital tubercle | develops into either a clitoris or a penis |
| labioscrotal swelling | paired structures that signal the final stage of the caudal end of external genitals |
| branchial groove 1 becomes | external auditory meatus and tympanic membrane |
| branchial arch 1 becomes | maxillary and mandibular process |
| branchial arch mesoderm 1 becomes | mechel's cartilage (malleus, incus) |
| branchial arch mesoderm 2 becomes | stapes, part of hyoid |
| branchial arch mesoderm 3 becomes | part of hyoid |
| branchial arch mesoderms 4 and 6 become | cartilage of larynx |
| pharygeal pouch 1 becomes | tympanic cavity, eustachian tube |
| pharyngeal pouch 2 becomes | palatine tonsil |
| pharyngeal pouch 3 becomes | thymus, inferior parathyroids |
| pharyngeal pouch 4 becomes | ultimobranchial body, superior parathyroids |
| palate develops from | maxillary process and lateral palatine process |
| laryngotracheal groove | precursor for larynx and trachea |
| lung buds | precursor for lungs |
| lung development | 1) branching to form branchial tree 2) development of alveoli |
| Development of alveoli | 1) terminal sacs - develop at the end of bronchioles 2) production of surfactant - lipoprotein |
| 4 periods of lung development | 1) pseudoglandular 2) canalicular 3) terminal sac 4) alveolar |
| pseudoglandular | up to 4 months, developing lung resembles an endocrine gland |
| canalicular | 4-6 months, lung tissue becomes highly vascularized |
| terminal saccular | 6months - birth, surfactant is produced |
| alveolar | late fetal - 8 years, terminal saccules and alveolar ducts increase in number |
Created by:
ESPOLADE
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