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Absolut/enlighten
French Absolutism, Enlightenment, & Revolution Vocabulary
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Absolute Monarch | ruler with complete authority over the government and lives of the people he or she governs |
| Divine Right | belief that a ruler’s authority comes directly from God |
| Huguenots | French Protestants of the 1500s and 1600s |
| Edict of Nantes | law issued by French king Henry IV in 1598 giving more religious freedom to French Protestants |
| Indendants | official appointed by French king Louis XIV to govern the provinces, collect taxes, and recruit soldiers |
| Geocentric Theory | having or representing the earth as a center |
| Scientific Revolution | historical changes in thought & belief, to changes in social & institutional organization, that unfolded in Europe between roughly 1550-1700; beginning with Nicholas Copernicus, who asserted a heliocentric (sun-centered) cosmos, ended with Isaac Newton |
| Heliocentric Theory | based on the belief that the sun is the center of the universe |
| Scientific Method | careful, step-by-step process used to confirm findings and to prove or disprove a hypothesis |
| Enlightenment | A philosophical movement of the 18th century that emphasized the use of reason to scrutinize previously accepted doctrines and traditions and that brought about many humanitarian reforms |
| Social Contract | an agreement by which people gave up their freedom to a powerful government in order to avoid chaos |
| Philosophe | French for “philosopher”; French thinker who desired reform in society during the Enlightenment |
| Estate | social class |
| Estates-General | legislative body made up of representatives of the three estates in pre-revolutionary France |
| National Assembly | The elected legislature in France during the first part of the French Revolution |
| Tennis Court Oath | famous oath made on a tennis court by members of the Third Estate in France |
| Great Fear | phenomena that occurred in France when rioting peasants burned public records. The noblemen feared the loss of the peasants feudal obligation to them |
| Bastille | fortress in Paris used as a prison; French Revolution began when Parisians stormed it in 1789 |
| Jacobins | member of a radical political club during the French Revolution |
| Guillotine | device used during the Reign of Terror to execute thousands by beheading |
| Reign of Terror | the period during the French Revolution between September 1793 and July 1794 when hundreds of thousands of people were arrested for not supporting the revolution. Thousands of people were executed. |
| Napoleonic Code | body of French civil laws introduced in 1804; served as model for many nation’s civil codes |
| Battle of Trafalgar | a naval battle in 1805 off the southwest coast of Spain; the French and Spanish fleets were defeated by the English under Nelson (who was mortally wounded) |
| Continental System | blockade designed by Napoleon to hurt Britain economically by closing European ports to British goods; ultimately unsuccessful |
| Peninsular War | (Historical Terms) the war (1808-14) fought in the Iberian Peninsula by British, Portuguese, and Spanish forces against the French, resulting in the defeat of the French: part of the Napoleonic Wars |
| Scorched-Earth Policy | military tactic in which soldiers destroy everything in their path to hurt the enemy |
| Natural Law | rules of conduct discoverable by reason |
| Natural Right | right that belongs to all humans from birth—life, liberty, and property |
| Laissez Faire | policy allowing business to operate with little or no government interference |
| Censorship | restriction on access to ideas and information |
| Salon | informal social gathering at which writers, artists, philosophes, and others exchanged ideas |
| Baroque | ornate style of art and architecture popular in the 1600s and 1700s |
| Rococo | personal, elegant style of art and architecture made popular during the mid-1700s that featured designs with the shapes of leaves, shells, and flowers |
| Enlightened Despot | absolute ruler who used his or her power to bring about political and social change |
| Frederick the Great | hereditary ruler (Frederick II), king of Prussia; son of Frederick William I; gained Silesia during War of Austrian Succession and military genius during Seven Years' War established Prussia as a European power, also a noted patron of the arts |
| Catherine the Great | empress of Russia who greatly increased the territory of the empire |
| Joseph 2 | Holy Roman emperor and king of Bohemia and Hungary; instituted a number of social reforms aimed at curbing hereditary privileges |
| George 3 | King of Great Britain and Ireland and of Hanover; government's policies fed American colonial discontent, leading to revolution in 1776 |
| Stamp Act | law passed in 1765 by the British Parliament that imposed taxes on items such as newspapers and pamphlets in the American colonies; repealed in 1766 |
| George Washington | 1st President of the United States; commander-in-chief of the Continental Army during the American Revolution |
| Thomas Jefferson | 3rd President of the United States; chief drafter of the Declaration of Independence; made the Louisiana Purchase in 1803 and sent out the Lewis and Clark Expedition to explore it |
Created by:
joelyanne
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