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APHUGS UNIT 5 vocab
unit 5 vocabs
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Adaptive strategies | Describes a society's system of economic production |
| Agrarian | People or societies that are farmers therefore promote agricultural interest ext. |
| Agribusiness | : Commercial agriculture characterized by integration of different steps in the food-processing industry, usually through ownership by large corporations. |
| Agricultural Industrialization | The use of machinery in agriculture, like tractors ext. |
| Agricultural landscape | The land that we farm on and what we choose to put were on our fields |
| Agricultural location model | a model designed by Von Thunen, that depending on the cost of transportation and the value of the product, different types of farming are conducted at different distances from a city. |
| Agricultural Origins | Through time nomadic people noticed the growing of plants in a cycle and began to domesticate them and use for there own use. |
| Agriculture | The deliberate effort to modify a portion of Earth’s surface through the cultivation of crops and the raising of livestock for subsistence or economic gain. |
| Animal Domestication | Domestication of animals for selling or using byproducts. |
| Aquaculture | The cultivation of aquatic organisms especially for food |
| Biorevolution | The revolution of biotechnology and the use of it in societies |
| Biotechnology | Using living organisms in a useful way to produce commercial products like pest resistant crops |
| Collective farm: | an agricultural production unit including a number of farm households or villages working together under state control. |
| Commercial Agriculture (intensive, extensive) | Agriculture undertaken primarily to generate products for sale off the farm. |
| Core/Periphery | The areas in the world that include MDCs are called the core and the area of the world that contains the LDCs is referred to as the periphery. |
| Crop Rotation | The practice of rotating use of different fields from crop to crop each year, to avoid exhausting the soil. |
| Cultivation regions | Regions were there is agricultural activity |
| Dairying | The “farming” and sale/distribution of milk and milk products |
| Debt-for-nature swap | When agencies such as the World Bank make a deal with third world countries that they will cancel their debt if the country will set aside a certain amount of their natural resources. |
| Diffusion | The process of spread of a feature or trend from one place to another over time. |
| Double Cropping | Harvesting twice a year from the same land |
| Economic activity | primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary, quinary |
| Primary | Involves jobs like lumber and mining |
| Secondary | Manufacturing products and assembling raw materials |
| Tertiary | The service sector that provides us with transportation, communication and utilities |
| Quaternary | the service sector dedicated to jobs such as trade, insurance, banking, advertising and wholesaling. |
| Quinary | the service sector dedicated to health, education, research, government, retailing, tourism and recreation. |
| Environmental Modifications (pesticides, soil erosion, desertification | The destruction of the environment for the purpose of farming. |
| Extensive subsistence agriculture | shifting cultivation, nomadic herding/pastoralism |
| Shifting Cultivation | Use many fields for crop growing each field is used for a couple years then left fallow for a relatively long time. |
| Nomadic herding/pastorilism | Based on herding domesticated animals |
| Extractive Industry: | the extractive industry is made up of mining, quarrying, dredging, oil and gas extration industries. |
| Farm crises: | Any disaster or occurence that interupts a farming season and hurts the farms profits for that time. |
| Farming | agriculture. |
| Feedlot | a plot of land on which livestock are fattened for market |
| First agricultural revolution | Around 8000 B.C. when humans first domesticated plants and animals. |
| Fishing | The technique, occupation, or diversion of catching fish. Fishing provides a food source and employment to society. |
| Food Chain | A series of organisms interrelated in their feeding habits, the smallest being fed upon by a larger one, which in turn feeds a still larger one, etc. |
| Forestry | The science of planting and taking care of trees and forests. Trees provide building materials and fuel to society. |
| Globalized Agriculture | Diffusion of agriculture across the globe |
| Green Revolution | Rapid diffusion of new agricultural technology, especially new high-yield seeds and fertilizer. Because of Green Revolution, agricultural productivity at a global scale has increased faster than the population. |
| Growing Season | The season in which crops grow best. Growing season can vary by location, societies rely on their growing season to which crops they can or can’t grow at their latitude. |
| Hunting and Gathering | Before the agriculture, humans gained food by hunting for animals, fishing, or gathering plants. They lived in small groups (less than 50 people), traveled frequently following game and seasonal growth of plants |
| Intensive Subsistence Agriculture | A form of subsistence agriculture in which farmers must expend a relatively large amount of effort to produce the maximum feasibly yield from a parcel of land. |
| Intertillage | Tillage between rows of crops of plants. |
| Livestock Ranching | commercial grazing of livestock over an extensive area |
| Market Gardening | The small scale production of fruits, vegetables, and flowers as cash crops sold directly to local consumers. |
| Mediterranean Agriculture | Farming in the land surrounding the Mediterranean Sea (Southern Europe, North Africa, and Western Asia), also in lands with similar climates (California, central Chile, Southwestern South Africa, and Southwestern Australia). |
| Mineral Fuels | Natural resources containing hydrocarbons, which are not derived from animal or plant sources. |
| Mining | Extraction of valuable minerals or other geological materials from the Earth, usually from an ore body, vein, or coal seam. |
| Planned Economy | Economic system in which a single agency makes all decisions about the production and allocation of goods and services. |
| Renewable | Energy replaced continually within a human lifespan, has an essentially unlimited supply and is not depleted when used by people. Solar energy, hydroelectric, geothermal, fusion and wind, are the most widely used. |
| Non-Renewable | Energy formed so slowly that for practical purposes it cannot be renewed. The three main fossil fuels (petroleum, natural gas, and coal) plus nuclear energy are the most widely used, mostly because they are more cost efficient. |
| Rural Settlement | Sparsely settled places away from the influence of large cities. Live in villages, hamlets on farms, or in other isolated houses. Typically have an agricultural character, with an economy based on logging, mining, petroleum, natural gas or tourism. |
| Dispersed | Characterized by farmers living on individual farms isolated from neighbors rather than alongside other farmers in the area. |
| Nucleated | a number of families live in close proximity to each other, with fields surrounding the collection of houses and farm buildings. |
| Building Material | houses and buildings are typically built from materials that are abundant in the area |
| Village Form | a number of families live in close proximity to each other, with fields surrounding the collection of houses and farm buildings |
| Sauer, Carl O | defined cultural landscape, as an area fashioned from nature by a cultural group. A combination of cultural features such as language and religion; economic features such as agriculture and industry; and physical features such as climate and vegetation |
| Second Agricultural Revolution | Precursor to Industrial Revolution in the 19th century, that allowed a shift in work force beyond subsistence farming to allow labor to work in factories. Started in United Kingdom, Netherlands, and Denmark. |
| Specialization | Third level of cities (behind World Cities, and Command and Control Centers), offer a narrow and highly specialized variety of services |
| Staple Grains | Maize, wheat, and rice are the most produced grains produced world wide, accounting for 87% of all grains and 43% of all food. |
| Suitcase Farm | Individuals who live in urban areas a great distance from their land and drive to the country to care for their crops and livestock |
| Long Lots (French | Houses erected on narrow lots perpendicular along a river, so that each original settler had equal river access. |
| Metes and Bounds (English) | Uses physical features of the local geography, along with directions and distances, to define the boundaries of a particular piece of land |
| Township-and-Range (U.S.A) | Survey’s used west of Ohio, after the purchase of the Louisiana Purchase. Land is divided into six-mile square blocks (township), which is then divided into one-mile square blocks (range). |
| Sustainable Yield | Ecological yield that can be extracted without reducing the base of capital itself, the surplus required to maintain nature’s services at the same or increasing level over time. |
| Third Agricultural Revolution | Green Revolution’ Rapid diffusion of new agricultural techniques between 1970’s and 1980’s, especially new high-yield seeds and fertilizers. |
| Mechanization | Farmers need tractors, irrigation pumps, and other machinery to make the most effective use of the new miracle seeds. |
| Chemical Farming | Increased use of fertilizers with nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium |
| Food Manufacturing | the Green Revolution has increased production to avoid widespread famine. Allowing the world population to grow about four billion since stared, also allowing populations in developing nations to consume 25% more than before. |
| Tragedy of the Commons | social trap that involves a conflict over resources between interests and the common good |
| Transhumance | pastoral practice of seasonal migration of livestock between mountains and lowland pasture areas. |
| Truck Farm | Commercial gardening and fruit farming, so named because truck was a Middle English word meaning bartering or the exchange of commodities |
| Von Thunen | 1826, Northern Germany. When choosing an enterprise, a commercial farmer compares two costs; cost of the land versus the cost of transporting production to market. |
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amblanshan
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