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Chapter 28 Vocab
Chapter 28: Descent into the Abyss: World War I and the Crisis of the European G
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Montagu-Chelmsford reforms | Increased the powers of Indian legislators at the all-India level and placed much of the provincial administration of India under local ministries controlled by legislative bodies with substantial numbers of elected Indians; passed in 1919. |
| Ataturk | Also known as Mustafa Kemal; leader of Turkish republic formed in 1923; reformed Turkish nation using Western models. |
| Dinshawai incident | Clash between British soldiers and Egyptian villagers in 1906; arose over hunting accident along Nile River where wife of prayer leader of mosque was accidentally shot by army officers hunting pigeons; led to Egyptian protest movement. |
| Leopold Sedar Senghor | One of the post-World War I writers of the negritude literary movement that urged pride in African values |
| Nicholas II | Tsar of Russia 1894-1917; forcefully suppressed political opposition and resisted constitutional government; deposed by revolution in 1917 |
| Balfour Declaration | British minister Lord Balfour's promise of support for the establishment of Jewish settlement in Palestine issued in 1917. |
| Mohandas Gandhi | Led sustained all-India campaign for independence from British Empire after World War I; stressed nonviolent but aggressive mass protest |
| Satyagraha | Literally, "truth-force"; strategy of nonviolent protest developed by Mohandas Gandhi and his followers in India; later deployed throughout the colonized world and in the United States. |
| David Lloyd George | Prime minister of Great Britain who headed a coalition government through much of World War I and the turbulent years that followed |
| Armenian genocide | Assault carried out by mainly Turkish military forces against Armenian population in Anatolia in 1915; over a million Armenians perished and thousands fled to Russia and the Middle East. |
| Effendi | Class of prosperous business and professional urban families in khedival Egypt; as a class generally favored Egyptian independence. |
| W.E.B. Du Bois | African American political leader; had a major impact on emerging African nationalist leaders in the 1920s and 1930s. |
| Theodor Herzl | Austrian journalist and Zionist; formed World Zionist Organization in 1897; promoted Jewish migration to Palestine and formation of a Jewish state |
| Eastern Front | Most mobile of the fronts established during World War I; after early successes, military defeats led to downfall of tsarist government in Russia |
| Georges Clamenceau | French prime minister in the last years of World War I and during Versailles Conference of 1919; pushed for heavy reparations from Germans. |
| Wafd party | Egyptian nationalist party that emerged after an Egyptian delegation was refused a hearing at the Versailles treaty negotiations following World War I; led by Sa'd Zaghlul; negotiations eventually led to limited Egyptian independence beginning in 1922. |
| Hussein | Sherif of Mecca; used British promise of independence to convince Arabs to support Britain against the Turks in World War I; angered by Britain's failure to keep promise. |
| Indian National Congress party | Grew out of regional associations of Western-educated Indians; originally centered in cities of Bombay, Poona, Calcutta, and Madras; became political party in 1885; focus of nationalist movement in India; governed through most of postcolonial period. |
| Gallipoli | Istanbul; site of decisive 1915 Turkish victory over Australian and New Zealand forces under British command during World War I. |
| Zionism | Movement originating in eastern Europe during the 1860s and 1870s that argued that the Jews must return to a Middle Eastern holy land; eventually identified with the settlement of Palestine. |
| Marcus Garvey | African American political leader; had a major impact on emerging African nationalist leaders in the 1920s and 1930s. |
| Alfred Dreyfus | French Jew falsely accused of passing military secrets to the Germans; his mistreatment and exile to Devil's Island provided flashpoint for years of bitter debate between the left and right in France |
| Rowlatt Act | Placed severe restrictions on key Indian civil rights such as freedom of the press; acted to offset the concessions granted under Montagu-Chelmsford reforms of 1919 |
| Sa'd Zaghlul | Leader of Egyptian's nationalist Wafd party; their negotiations with British led to limited Egyptian independence in 1922 |
| Mandates | Governments entrusted to European nations in the Middle East in the aftermath of World War I; Britain occupied mandates in Syria, Iraq, Lebanon, and Palestine after 1922. |
| Morley-Minto reforms | Provided educated Indians with considerably expanded opportunities to elect and serve on local and all-India legislative councils. |
| Sarajevo | Administrative center of the Bosnian province of Austrian Empire; assassination here of Arch-duke Ferdinand in 1914 started World War I |
| Leon Pinsker | (1821 - 1891) European Zionist who believed that Jewish assimilation into Christian European nations was impossible; argued for return to Middle Eastern Holy Land. |
| League of Nations | International diplomatic and peace organization created in the Treaty of Versailles that ended World War I; one of the chief goals of President Woodrow Wilson of the United States in the peace negotiations; the United States was never a member |
| Western Front | Front established in World War I; generally along line from Belgium to Switzerland; featured trench warfare and horrendous casualties for all sides in the conflict. |
| Negritude | Literary movement in Africa; attempted to combat racial stereotypes of African culture; celebrated the beauty of black skin and African physique; associated with origins of African nationalist movements. |
| Archduke Ferdinand | Heir apparent to the Austro-Hungarian throne whose assassination in Sarajevo set in motion the events that started World War I |
| Pan-African | Organization that brought together intellectuals and political leaders from areas of Africa and African diaspora before and after World War I. |
| B. G. Tilak | Believed the nationalism in India should be based on appeals to Hindu religiosity; worked to promote the restoration and revival of ancient Hindu traditions; offended Muslims and other religious groups; first populist leader in Indian nationalist movement |
| Adolf Hitler | Nazi leader of fascist Germany from 1933 - 1945-suicide yr.; created a strongly centralized state in Germany; eliminated all rivals; launched Germany on aggressive foreign policy leading to World War II; responsible for attempted genocide of European Jews |
| Lord Cromer | British proconsul in khedival Egypt; pushed for economic reforms that reduced but failed to eliminate debts of khedival regime |
| Self-determination | Right of people in a region to determine whether to be independent or not |
| World Zionist Organization | Founded by Theodor Herzl to promote Jewish migration to and settlement in Palestine to form a Zionist state. |
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