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Gunnels - Ch. 8-10
Nationalism, Industrialization, and Progress
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| conservative | usually wealthy property owners and nobility They argued for protecting the traditional monarchies of Europe. |
| liberal | mostly middle-class business leaders and merchants. They wanted to give more power to elected parliaments, but only the educated and the landowners would vote. |
| radical | favored drastic change to extend democracy to all people. |
| nationalism | the belief that people’s greatest loyalty should not be to a king or an empire but to a nation of people who share a common culture and history. |
| nation-state | an independent geopolitical unit of people having a common culture and identity. |
| the Balkans | The region of southeastern Europe now occupied by Greece, Albania, Bulgaria, Romania, the European part of Turkey, and the former republic of Yugoslavia. |
| Louis-Napoleon | the nephew of Napoleon Bonaparte,who won a presidential election in France in 1848, and took the title Emperor Napoleon III. |
| Alexander II | the son of Czar Nicholas I; When he took power in Russia, he used modernization and social change in an attempt to make Russia more competitive in Europe. |
| Industrial Revolution | The greatly increased output of machine-made goods that began in England in the middle 1700s. |
| enclosure | Large fields owned by wealthy landowners that were enclosed with fences or hedges. |
| crop rotation | the system of growing a different crop in a field each year to preserve the fertility of the land. |
| industrialization | the development of industries for the machine production of goods. |
| factors of production | the resources- including land, labor, and capital - that are needed to produce goods and services. |
| factory | a large building in which machinery is used to manufacture goods. |
| entrepreneur | a person who organizes, manages, and takes on the risks of a business. |
| stock | rights of ownership in a corporation that were sold to raise funds. |
| corporation | a business owned by stockholders who share in its profits but are not personally responsible for its debts. |
| suffrage | the right to vote |
| Chartist Movement | the 19th-century British movement whose members were of the working class, and demanded reforms in Parliament and in elections, including suffrage for all men. |
| Queen Victoria | the queen of England from 1837-1901, who lead the nation to its height of wealth and power. |
| Third Republic | the republic that was established in France after the downfall of Napoleon III and ended with the German occupation of France during World War II. |
| Dreyfus affair | a controversy in France in the 1890s, centering on the trial and imprisonment of a Jewish army officer, Captain Alfred Dreyfus, who had been falsely accused of selling military secrets to Germany. |
| anti-Semitism | prejudice against Jews. |
| Zionism | a movement founded in the 1890s to promote Jewish self-determination and the establishment of a Jewish state in the ancient Jewish homeland. |
| assembly line | a line of workers who each put a single piece on unfinished products as they pass on a moving belt. |
| Charles Darwin | An English naturalist who proposed the theory that all forms of life, including humans, evolved from earlier living forms that had existed millions of years ago. |
| theory of evolution | the theory that change in species's occurs through natural selection. |
| radioactivity | a powerful form of energy released as atoms decay. |
| psychology | the study of the human mind and human behavior |
| mass culture | the production of works of art and entertainment designed to appeal to a large audience. |