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AP World Unit 5
1750-1914 Industrialization
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What was absolutism and where did it occur? | one person who runs the entire country (dictatorship) France |
| "Revolutionary" change didn't? | replace everything |
| In what ways did people adapt to what the "Revolutionary" change did and didn't do? | people learned to be both scientist and Christian; slavery outlawed, but former slaves not embraced into society |
| Breaks in Unit 5? | French Revolution and end of Japanese isolation |
| What makes the "modern age" (politics)? | trend away from monarchy toward greater political representation |
| What makes the "modern age" (economics)? | industrialization, shift from mercantilism/feudalism to capitalism, based increasingly on industry |
| What makes the "modern age" (society)? | deriving power from noble birth fades away, status comes from wealth, middle and industrial working class expands, urbanization, population growth |
| What makes the "modern age" (culture)? | secular world |
| What was happening at the end of the era in 1914? | 1800s Europe at peak of power - replaced by US in 1900s, WWI would speed up process of Euro decline |
| Who was a major causal agent of change? | Western Europe |
| When did the West begin the process of change? | 1400s |
| What did the West begin their change with? | exploration, colonization |
| Western Europe consolidated hold on? | foreign colonies |
| Unprecedented? | never before/since has one civilization truly dominated the world like the West |
| Moral and ethical price of Western change? | imperialism linked to warfare, racial prejudice, economic exploitation, slavery; harmful effects still felt in Africa, Latin America, and Asia |
| Industrialization? | move toward factories and commercial culture - buy what we need, not make it |
| Political changes in Europe led to? | first world war |
| What did political changes in Europe leading to the first world war bring about? | unification of Germany and Italy, end of absolute monarchies, revolutions established set ideals that could be pushed for in the future |
| What is imperialism interconnected with? | industrialization |
| Movement away from the Western Hemisphere? | W. Hemisphere freed self from European control by early 1800s, imperialists turn eyes toward Africa and Asia |
| Nationalism? | love of your country, not a specific leader |
| What did nationalism spark? | rebellions, independence movements, unification movements |
| Eugenics/Ethnocentric? | breeding humans, ideological explanations for racial superiority |
| Social Darwinism? | applied theory of natural selection to sociology |
| Theory of natural selection? | dominant races rose to top due to "survival of the fittest" |
| Why must Britain be the superior race? | "obviously" most fit |
| White Man's Burden? | Europeans have moral obligation to teach others how to be civilized |
| What were uncivilized people converted to and in what fashion? | converted to Christianity and civilized on European fashion |
| What other cultures that they were special? | Chinese - Middle Kingdom - "center of the world", Japan also believed they were racially superior |
| What were the differences between Britain and the other cultures that thought they were the best? | Europe has military technology to act on these beliefs |
| Why did changes occur so quickly in this time period? | people communicated more quickly than before |
| How did people communicate faster? | trains and ships raced across the continent and seas, telegraph cables were laid, telephone and airplanes |
| What replaced small, independent farm plots? | large plantations |
| How were crops chosen? | based on needs of industrialized West |
| Latin American trade? | increased significantly; profitable sugar, cotton, and cacao plantations; increased importance of slavery; Monroe doctrine |
| Monroe Doctrine? | cut out colonization by other European countries, more manufactured goods go to Latin America for raw materials |
| Trade with the Islamic world? | decreased significantly |
| Ottoman Empire was? | weakened |
| How was the Ottoman Empire weakened? | revolts, disinterest in industrialization (Christians and Jews), threat of competition led to reforms, made dependent on Europe |
| Tanzimet reforms? | Ottomans facilitated trade, but came too late |
| What made Egypt a significant commercial/political power? | Suez Canal |
| What made the trade imbalance shift? | Qing China and the Opium Trade |
| How did trade benefit China? | controlled out of few ports, trade of Chinese goods basis of economy |
| Britain annoyed with trade imbalance? | Indian opium switches balance,now silver flows out of china |
| After Opium Wars eventually China open to Europe? | nations map out spheres of influence, extraterritoriality |
| Russia and World Trade? | occupy backward position in trade and technology, exported some grain to w. Europe for Western machinery, desire to compete in world trade led to end of serfdom |
| Japanese Entrance into World Trade? | Second Perry expedition opened Japanese ports, Japan industrialized |
| Why did the Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade end? | enlightenment thought, religious conviction, slave revolt in Haiti |
| Where did the industrial Revolution start? | Great Britain |
| Causes of the Industial Revolution? | agricultural revolution, increase in population, improvements in technology, Protestant work ethic, domestic system not as effective, philosophical |
| Factory system? | replaces domestic system, thousands of new products now created efficiently and inexpensively |
| New classes? | birth of working class, rise of middle class, social status began to be determined more by wealth than family position |
| Slave revolt in Haiti? | only successful slave revolt in history |
| What is the industrial revolution? | no longer principally agriculture, mass production, urbanization, capitalism |
| Effects of the Industrial Revolution? | changed life in Europe, how people work, where they lived, forced West to spread practices to colonies |
| Agricultural Revolution? | 2nd Ag Revolution in 18th century, improved farming, half population left farms for cities, new industrial jobs, crop yield |
| Why so much more crop yield? | high crop yields (potatoes corn from New World), new technologies (chemical fertilizers) |
| Increase in population? | more food available, 50% growth in 100 years, improved medical care |
| Improvements in technology? | steam power, fed industrial and transportation improvements, steel, factory system, put factories near water-power source, new inventions for textile industry (cotton gin) |
| Who invented the assembly line? | Henry Ford |
| Protestant Work ethic? | earthly success is a sign of personal salvation |
| Domestic system not as effective? | cotton woven into cloth at homes, middlemen drop off wool/cotton at homes, women sell cloth to middlemen > buyers |
| Who wrote "Wealth of Nations"? | Adam Smith |
| What did the "Wealth of Nations" say? | let open market determine demand for goods and service, laissez faire capitalism - government removes self from process |
| How many economic field were steam engines used in? | all of them |
| New inventions or technological innovations? | steam ships, railroads, telegraph - communications to the modern age |
| What overtakes steam and coal as an energy source? | electricity |
| What replaces the domestic system? | factory system |
| What kind of system was the factory system? | putting out system |
| Who invented interchangeable parts? | Eli Whitney |
| who invented the assembly line? | Henry Ford |
| What are the interchangeable parts and assembly line a part of? | factory system |
| Majority of people who provide labor (for plantations/mines)? | Asians/Africans |
| Transportation Revolution inventions? | steam locomotive, steamship, internal combustion engine, airplane |
| Birth of working class? | proletariat |
| Working class conditions? | long hours - 14 hours a day, 6 days a week; disgusting, crowded living conditions, child labor common |
| Rise of middle class? | merchants, bankers. factory owners |
| Social status began to be determined by what rather than family position? | wealth |
| Reform movements? | aristocrats see inhumanity, government needs to act on behalf of the workers, reform more possible in Great Britain/United States |
| Why is reform more possible in Great Britain/United States? | has democracy, middle class, impact of enlightenment, Russia has dictator, |
| What was more attractive in Russia? | Marxism |
| Consequences of having countries with industrial technology and that had military weapons? | able to conquer people who did not have thos technology |
| Why did countries need access to raw materials? | to make finished products and markets |
| Why did Britain become the ?dominant global nation? | industrial revolution started in Britain |
| Lightbulb? | 1879 - hey we can work into the night |
| Role of individual changes? | man not just working with machines, he becomes part of machine |
| Abuses of labor? | air pollution and hazardous machinery, leads to despair and hopelessness |
| Literature created to reflect times? | Charles Dickens writes of social ills of industrialization - A Tale of Two Cities |
| Communist Manifesto (what is communism)? | Karl Marx, working class eventually revolt and take control of means of production, saw a flaw in capitalist |
| Conservative backlash? | Luddites - destroyed factory equipment, protested working conditions and wages |
| Changes? | urban life |
| Affected navies and armies of all countries? | United Stated Civil Wat - first industrial war - 1862-1865 |
| Monoculture? | damages environment and retards economy |
| "Banana Republic"? | derogatory term for Latin America |
| Job market changes after 1850? | received higher wages, shorter working hours, additional employment opportunities, popular consumption led to advertising campaigns |
| Receiving higher wages and having shorter working hours allowed leisure activities. Some of these were? | popular interest in theater and sports |
| Additional employment opportunities? | as secretaries, salespeople, clerical jobs, some filled by unmarried women |
| Geographic factors needed to industrialize? | growth measured by access to iron, coal, steel, cotton production |
| Who became industrialized after Britain? | US, Western Europe, South and East Europe lagged behind because they were agriculture based, Russia backwards thanks to serfdom (reliance on agriculture) |
| Japan partial modernization under Tokugawa Japan? | population growth increased urbanization |
| Meiji Restoration? | quickly industrialized late 1800s, |
| What outside forces forced Japan to change? | Commodore Perry |
| Samurai leaders in southern provinces push to end foreign influence? | Sat Cho alliance fired on foreign ships |
| What did the Sat Cho Alliance cause? | Europe fired back, gave reason to overthrow shogun, install Emperor Meiji to power, |
| Emperor Meiji? | first emperor in 1000 years to have power |
| Some Latin American countries were seen as? | sources for natural resources and markets |
| Why weren't Latin American countries industrialized? | lack of local capital, would need to be financed be foreigners |
| Sources of capital Britain? | private entrepreneurs and capitalists, limited foreign investment |
| Sources of capital Japan? | Government investment in initial states, Zaibatsu |
| Zaibatsu? | few wealthy banking, industrial families |
| Energy resources Britain? | large domestic deposits of coal for steam power, iron for machinery |
| Energy resources Japan? | import energy resources |
| Availability of technology Britain? | technology developed originally in Britain |
| Availability of technology Japan? | import machinery |
| Pool of workers Britain? | almost doubling population in 1700s - 5 to 9 million, Enclosure Acts |
| Enclosure Acts? | pool of labor less workers (public land closes, people move to cities) |
| Pool of workers Japan? | rapid population growth |
| Society changes Britain? | women's suffrage, universal education |
| Societal changes Japan? | subordinate position of women |
| Summary of differences Japan and Britain? | similar paths, Japan on fast-forward, private corporations rose up (industrialists like Mitsubishi family) |
| Mutual relation of industrial and scientific developments? | invention pushed industrial revolution, industrialization, cotton gin made textile industry possible |
| Industrialization? | made European nations richer > more technologically adept > boosted need for scientific knowledge to explore, new weaponry in hands of westerners |
| Industrial Revolution goes through same process whether 18th century Britain or? | 20th century Nigeria? |
| Commonalities? | factories built in areas near towns and cities, shift of people from countryside to city, middle class forms, Brutal working conditions/unsafe and unhealthy living conditions leads to reform |
| Factories built in areas near towns/cities? | built near sources of power, transportation, and pool of workers |
| Shift of people from countryside to city due to? | poor harvests, to little land, too many people to feed |
| Muckrackers? | propaganda writers |
| Scientific Revolution? | discovering, learning, evaluating, understanding the natural world |
| Industrial Revolution? | applying the understanding from the Scientific Revolution to natural ends |
| Effects of Industrial revolution? | increase in need for resources and markets, increase in urbanization |
| Increase in need for resources and markets? | colonization > rise of nationalism > independence movements and revolutions |
| Increase in urbanization? | increase in social unrest > rise of nationalism, changes in social thought - from Enlightenment ideals |
| Rise of nationalism? | independence movements and revolution |
| Changes n social thought - from Enlightenment ideals? | Women's Emancipation movement, end of the slave trade, rise of unions and laws to protect workers, rise of Marxism, independence movements and revolutions |
| Changes in patterns of world trade? | European nations seize trading networks from local/regional control (connected them into a truly global world |
| 1800-1920 50 million Europeans migrated to? | North/South America |
| Push factors? | famine (Ireland), Anti-Semitism (Russia), no religious tolerance, poverty, joblessness |
| Role industrialization played in migration? | substantial numbers - especially young adults migrated from county to city, movement of middle class away from the city to suburbs |
| European settler colonies came into conflict with? | native populations |
| Europeans exposed indigenous populations to? | disease |
| Religious persecution? | Russian pogroms on Jews |
| End of Atlantic Slave Trade? | growing revulsion among Western countries (moral, ethical, and religious reasons), turning point Great Britain wanted to make slavery illegal |
| When did Great Britain try to make slavery illegal? | during peace settlements following Napoleonic Wars |
| American slave:free ratio? | half slave, half free |
| Who kept slaves even though it was illegal? | West Africa |
| How did Britain attempt to shutdown slavery in West Africa? | blockaded West African shoreline, hunted down slave ships |
| What did the British do with the slaves they found? | took them to Sierra Leone |
| Effects of slave trade on Africa? | loss of population, relied more on imported foreign goods (guns, textile, alcohol), some argued it didn't have much of an effect, intro of guns increased likelihood of inter-tribal war, slump leaves regions open to foreign takeover |
| Population in the West after 1850? | drop in death rate, drop in birth rate |
| Why was there a drop in death rates? | Lois Pasteur came up with his germ theory and pasteurized milk |
| Why was there a drop in birth rates? | families don't need to produce large families to serve as laborers on farms |
| How did people get natural resources? | stole them, "stealing is cheaper than dealing" |
| What was the process of gaining their wealth? | colonize, drain natural resources, don't compensate natives |
| Colonial powers became rich at whose expense? | at the expense of the colonies |
| Increase in pollution? | water contaminated by human sewage, coal produced smoke dark skies, people stayed inside |
| Rickets? | disease of the bones, underexposure to sunlight |
| Which cities pass the 1 million mark? | London, Paris, New York |
| How did being overcrowded affect the population? | diseases were spread easily, like Cholera and Tuberculosis |
| When did the Industrial Revolution end and who started to benefit? | 1850, working class |
| How did the Industrial Revolution change gender structure? | poor women who had taken care of home, worked in shifted fields |
| Women worked in fields shifted to? | factories/sweatshops, more opportunity than middle/upper class, paid less than men, working women were single, lost manufacturing jobs to the domestic (putting out) system |
| Upper class women had _____ influence than in previous eras? | less |
| New group? | middle class housewives |
| MC housewives socialization? | afternoon social calls and drinking tea |
| What kind of women were they? | Victorian Age idealized women |
| Victorian Age idealized women rules? | manners/etiquette counted and nothing distasteful should be seen by women |
| As men earn money women return to? | traditional roles (power diminishes) |
| This the group that starts organizing to demand? | rights/suffrage |
| Social mobility? | ability to move from one class to the next (middle class expands) |
| Turned husband into? | wage earner |
| Turned wife into? | homemaker |
| New aristocrats? | those who became rich based on industrial wealth, old money vs. new money, wealth based on Adam Smith (private ownership) |
| New twist? | now the massive lower class is working side by side - urbanization, |
| Able to daily see what? | the huge class discrepancy |
| Saw who gain at their expense? | the elite |
| Safe havens for former slaves? | Sierra Leone and Liberia |
| Sierra Leone? | safe haven for former slaves, British colony |
| Liberia? | colonization scheme for freed slaves form U.S. |
| Causes/Effects of serfdom? | can't leave the land - Russia doesn't have pool of factory labor |
| Emancipation of Russian serfs 1861? | now free no longer bound to land owned, sharecropping, former serfs, peasants, now had to pay for land |
| Eli Whitney's cotton gin? | necessitated more slaves in American south, requires a ton of cheap labor to stick cotton in machine |
| In West, what stimulated greater awareness of unfair and unequal treatment? | Enlightenment theories, active role of women in American and French revolutions |
| Cult of domesticity? | stressing the women's place in the home - dominated Western culture |
| Certain opportunities open to women? | child care, teaching, domestic household work, nursing |
| Women's movements? | suffrage, equal opportunity to work, equal pay, temperance |
| When did a handful of European nations give women the right to vote? | before World War I |
| Centralized monarchies the norm w/ some variation? | constitutional limits in Great Britain, total autocracy in France |
| Total autocracy in France? | standard method of ruling, absolute monarch with aristocrats that control, land, wealth, political influence |
| Common strands in modern revolutions? | influence of the intellectual movements and ideas, importance of peasants and urban workers, shift to authoritarian rule in movements that began as democratic revolution |
| Influence of the intellectual movements and ideas? | democratic principles of the Enlightenment, Marxist principles that underline communism |
| Major themes? | Enlightenment philosophies, Latin America independence, turn of the century - early 20th century |
| Common theme in American revolutions? | frustration with economic exploitation |
| Colonies symbolized by? | "no taxation without representation" |
| John Locke? | social contact, people gave rights in exchange for government maintaining order, people could overthrow government if they don't |
| Enlightenment ideas inspired? | the type of government that was created after it succeeded |
| French and Indian War - Americans should share? | cost in war |
| Famous pamphlet by Thomas Paine? | Common Sense |
| Printing press became? | powerful tool |
| Cycle of escalating protests and reprisals? | Boston Harbor - terrorism > British troops stationed in Boston, conflict at Lexington and Concord |
| Declaration of Independence? | 1776 |
| What often preceded revolutions and rebellions? | enlightenment thought |
| What did they apply to society? | learning from the Scientific Revolution (reason, rationality) |
| Philosophers like Voltaire outwardly challenged? | religion, reason more important |
| Rousseau argued for? | natural rights (rights we are born with) and the social contract (citizens give up some rights for protection given by the government? |
| Montesquieu came up with? | a government system that separates powers and had checks and balances (adopted in US constitution) |
| Locke thought that? | most people were good and would do the right thing |
| Locke's thoughts and feelings? | deserved as many rights as possible as long as they don't impede on others' rights, government should serve the people, becomes the foundation for liberal thought |
| Hobbes disagreed with? | Locke |
| Hobbes said? | people were born selfish ans stubborn, most people are stupid and selfish, government must protect the people from themselves, advocated absolute monarchy |
| Government must protect the people from themselves? | by only giving limited rights and reserving many of them |
| American Declaration of Independence? | declaring independence, number of problems with King George |
| French Declaration of Rights of Man and Citizen? | list of rights all men have, Locke's "all rights but those that harm" idea, freedom of speech, petition, vote |
| Bolivar's "Jamaica Letter"? | asked to describe how Latin America broke free, said they were treated like sub-humans, now free, Latin America can prosper |
| Enlightenment ideas led to? | challenging of social structure; led to more suffrage, abolition of slavery, end of serfdom |
| In the 1700s, commonalities began based on? | common language, religion, customs and territory |
| Governments used it to (nationalism)? | unite diverse populaitons |
| People continued to grow discontented with? | imperial rule which led to reform and revolution |
| Subject challenged strong imperial governments? | Marathas (southern Indian Hindus) rose up against Mughal Empire, took much of southern India and allied with Mughals to fight Afghans |
| American colonial subjects led a series of rebellions, which facilitated? | the emergence of independent states in the United States, Haiti, and mainland Latin America |
| French subjects rebelled against? | their monarchy |
| American Revolution? | taxes on colonies after French and Indian War, no taxation without representation, leaders followed ideas of Locke |
| The French Revolution? | 3 Estates, 1ST: Clergy 15% of land, 2ND: Nobility 35% of land, 3RD: Commoners 50% of land 80% of population |
| 3rd Estate? | main cause of FR Rev - economic problems, Louis XVI & Marie Antoinette in charge, Estates General (meeting), 3rd Estate wants national constitution, locked out., Tennis Court Oath (won't stop until constitution) |
| Start of French Revolution? | Storm the Bastille (prison), Great Fear, National Assembly writes Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizens, Olympe de Gouges - wants rights for women too |
| Louis hides in Versailles? | women come to him, telling their children are starving, comes back to Paris, basically hostage |
| Constitution of 1791? | EUR countries try to invade and put king back in power, committee meets and gives power to Robespierre, kills 40,000 "enemies at home" held in public where dissenters live |
| The Republic of Virtue? | tried to put new laws in France by sending reps into country, dechristianized France, changed street names, French Revolution Army, huge, everyone helped, begins nationalism, people fighting for purpose |
| End of Robespierre? | after FR wins, Robespierre still killing, convention votes to have him guillotined, new government, Directory with 5 Directors, very corrupt, ppl mad over Robes, same want him back, coup detat by military leader Napoleon Bonaparte |
| Napoleon Bonaparte? | dad was a lawyer, went to military school, learned a lot from French Revolution, rises through army, becomes head, overthrows Directory, calls new gov Consulate, he is Consul, all power |
| Napoleon Bonaparte continued? | Consul for life, Emperor Bonaparte I, made peace with church, not religious, brought laws together, Civil or Napoleonic Code, equal rights, religion, choose job, took rights away from women, made gov offices based on expertise, mid class could join, media |
| Wars? | defeats coalition of EUR countries, has empire (big France, with Rome), dependent states (ruled by relatives), and allies (defeated and joined), all against England, Britain survives due to strong army |
| Haitian Revolution causes? | 90% slave, huge plantations; enlightenment reading by creoles and mulattoes; inspired by French Revolution; success of America's Revolution; Europe in chaos with Napoleon (France distracted) |
| Haitian Revolution stages? | slave insurrection (Toussaint L'Overture); Britain and Spain send troops, slaves and French join to oust them; at end of civil war, slaves freed and in power, still a French colony; troops under Napoleon sent to end rule of former slave; defeat of French |
| Defeat of French by rebels and disease? | Haitian capable fighters, yellow fever wipes out soldiers, L'Overture captured and imprisoned in France, Napoleon gives up attempt to reconquer Haiti |
| Haitian Revolution outcome? | independence declared in 1804: Jacques Dessalines - also slave - governor general for life, Haiti first independent nation in Latin America |
| Haitian Revolution long term effects? | Napoleon chose to abandon effort to maintain French colonies in North America, Sold vast Louisiana Territory to US for bargain: gave US control of the North American continent, brought major shift in global power - enter US |
| causes? | growing sense of nationalism - same as US; local resentment of Span/Port economic policies - same as US; frustration of American born Creole upper and middle class; Napoleon spark/catalyst |
| Why was Napoleon a spark/catalyst? | confusion over who was ruling, perfect opportunity to take advantage |
| Latin America Independence Movements more causes? | no tradition of constitutions, civil liberties , political right: consider connection to Iraq; prevalence of dictatorial backward/military rule; economically backward, racial inequalities, outsiders have huge influence |
| Prevalence of dictatorial backward/military rule? | Caudillos - military/political strongmen: personal charisma, military force, and/or oppression |
| Economically backward? | years of extraction of resources and monoculture, slow to industrialize |
| Racial inequalities? | mestizo, mulattoes, slaves, etc. |
| Outsiders have a huge influence? | first Europe, then US; install leaders they like |
| Mexican Independence? | Father Hidalgo cried for independence "EL Grito De Delores"; led mestizo rebellion, killed, martyred; Jose Morales took over after death; liberals finally overthrew Spanish and instated a republic |
| Mexican Revolution? | years of turmoil, corruption; French invade and try to occupy, Benito Juarez stats socail reforms |
| Mexican Revolution #2? | Dictator Diaz takes over, things really bad for poor (pay most taxes, no land ownership), Civil War (uprising peasants, leads to Constitution) |
| Mexican Civil War leads to a Constitution? | still used today, government took ownership of natural resources and Church property, minimum wage, made Catholicism only religion, universal male suffrage |
| Venezuelan Revolution? | Simon Bolivar |
| Simon Bolivar? | enlightened in Europe/US; declares war, ousts both Spanish and French (Joseph Bonaparte); makes new country, Gran Columbia (Columbia, Ecuador, Venezuela): leads to rest of South America becoming free by friend, Jose San Martin (Argentina, Chile, Peru) |
| Brazilian revolution? | Napoleon took Portugal, King John VI flees to Brazil: goes back to Portugal, leaves son Pedro to rule; Pedro declares independence form Portugal, names himself emperor: makes Brazil stable under a monarch no other LA - abolishes slavery, leads to republic |
| Slave resistance challenged? | existing authorities in the Americas |
| Maroon societies? | means "fugitive, escaped slave societies in Latin and North America, some became stable with trade, other were very small and tribal |
| What contributed to anti-colonial movements? | increasing questions about political authority and growing nationalism |
| Boxer Rebellion? | anti-European and Christian, goal - dive Europeans and Japanese out of China, tactics - guerilla warfare against Christian missionaries/ambassadors, defeateed once EUR/JPN sent reinforcements, China forced to sign Boxer Protocol |
| Boxers? | Society of Righteous and Harmonious Fists, martial arts experts |
| Boxer Protocol? | payments to Japanese and Europeans |
| Sepoy Mutiny (Indian Revolt of 1857)? | British East India Company used Indians - Sepoys as soldiers, massacres and atrocities on both sides |
| Using Sepoys as soldiers? | started to get frustrated, taking up too much of India, not respecting Muslim/Hindu customs, bullet cartridges greased with pork/beef fat - both forbidden (rumor) |
| Massacres and atrocities on both sides? | tens of thousands killed - British soldiers, civilians, Indian troops; Hindus/Muslims fail to cooperate with each other |
| Sepoy Mutiny reaction? | British makes India a crown colony, 300 million Indians became British subjects |
| Some rebellions were influenced by? | religious ideas and millenarianism? |
| Taiping Rebellion (Christian nationalist rebellion)? | led by Hong Xiuquan; wanted to bring Christian "Heavenly Kingdom" to China, eventually defeated by CHN, US, GN; 2nd deadliest war after WWII |
| Hong Xiuquan? | Christian, claimed to be Jesus' brother |
| Millenarianism? | religious belief that the turn to a 1,000 year multiple will bring about a new way of life: Taiping Rebellion, Boxer Rebellion (both on older Chinese Calendar) |
| Responses to increasingly frequent rebellions led to? | reforms in imperial policies |
| Tanzimat Reforms? | important reform measures undertaken in the Ottoman Empire beginning in 1839; "Tanzimat" means "reorganization" |
| Self-Strengthening movement? | China's program of internal reform in the 1860s and 1870s, based on vigorous application of Confucian principles and limited borrowing from the West |
| The global spread of European political and social thought ans the increasing number of rebellions stimulated? | new transcontinental ideologies and solidarities |
| Discontent with monarchist and imperial rule encouraged? | the development of political ideologies, including liberalism, socialism, and communism |
| What influenced revolutions in FR, US, and Latin America? | liberal ideas like Locke's |
| Factory conditions led to communism and socialism in Russia? | sort of an extreme reform, ENG and US have less extreme reforms: such as labor unions |
| Demands for women's suffrage and an emergent feminism challenged? | political and gender hierarchies |
| Mary Wollstonecraft (ENG)? | equal education for girls will lead to equality among men; autodidact, abusive father, battered mother, cared for dying mother, sister, friend, and died of childbirth |
| Seneca Falls (NY)? | conference of middle-class women (Quakers), declaration of equal rights |
| Declaration of the Rights of Women and Female Citizen - De Gouges (FR)? | angry that French Revolution left out women, mocked "Male Declaration of Rights" |
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1213hannahhillard
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