Question 1

Bhakti

Accepted Answer

Hindu devotional movement that flourished in the early modern era, emphasizing music, dance, poetry, and rituals as means by which to achieve direct union with the divine.

Question 2

Catholic Counter-Reformation

Accepted Answer

An internal reform of the Catholic Church in the 16th century; thanks especially to the work of the Council of Trent, Catholic leaders clarified doctrine, corrected abuses and corruption, and put a new emphasis on education and accountability.

Question 3

Condorcet and the idea of progress

Accepted Answer

The Marquis de Condorcet was a french philosopher and political scientist who argued that human affairs were moving into an era of near-infinite improvability, with slavery, racism, tyranny, and other human trials swept away by the triumph of reason.

Question 4

Nicolaus Copernicus

Accepted Answer

Polish mathematician and astronomer who was the first to argue for the existence of heliocentric cosmos.

Question 5

Council of Trent

Accepted Answer

The main instrument of the Catholic Counter-Reformation, at which the Catholic Church clarified doctrine and corrected abuses.

Question 6

Charles Darwin

Accepted Answer

Highly influential English biologist whose theory of natural selection continues to be seen by many as a threat to revealed religious truth.

Question 7

Deism

Accepted Answer

Belief in a divine being who created the cosmos but who does not intervene directly in human affairs.

Question 8

Edict of Nantes

Accepted Answer

1598 edict issued by the French king Henry IV that granted considerable religious toleration to French Protestants and ended the the French Wars of Religion.

Question 9

European Enlightenment

Accepted Answer

European intellectual movement of the 18th century that applied the lessons of the Scientific Revolution to human affairs and was noted for its commitment to open-mindedness and inquiry and the belief that knowledge could transform human society.

Question 10

Sigmund Freud

Accepted Answer

Austrian doctor and the father of modern psychoanalysis; his theories about the operation of the human mind and emotions remain influential today.

Question 11

Galileo Galilei

Accepted Answer

Italian astronomer who further developed the ideas of Copernicus and whose work was eventually suppressed by the Catholic Church.

Question 12

huacas

Accepted Answer

Local gods of the Andes

Question 13

Huguenots

Accepted Answer

The Protestant minority in France.

Question 14

Jesuits in China

Accepted Answer

Series of Jesuit missionaries in the late 16th and 17th centuries who made extraordinary efforts to understand and become part of Chinese culture in their efforts to convert the Chinese elite, although with limited success.

Question 15

Kaozheng

Accepted Answer

Literally, "research based on evidence"; the Chinese intellectual movement whose practitioners emphasized the importance of evidence and analysis, applied especially to historical documents.

Question 16

Martin Luther

Accepted Answer

German priest and theologian who inaugurated the Protestant Reformation movement in Europe.

Question 17

Karl Marx

Accepted Answer

German philosopher whose view of human history as a class struggle formed the basis of socialism.

Question 18

Mirabai

Accepted Answer

One of India's most beloved bhakti poets, she helped break down the barriers of caste.

Question 19

Guru Nanak

Accepted Answer

Founder of Sikhism.

Question 20

Isaac Newton

Accepted Answer

English natural scientist whose formulation of the laws of motion and mechanics is regarded as the culmination of the Scientific Revolution.

Question 21

Ninety-five Theses

Accepted Answer

List of 95 debating points about the abuses of the Church, posted by Martin Luther on the door of a church in Wittenburg in 1517; the Church's strong reaction eventually drove Luther to separate from Catholic Christianity.

Question 22

Protestant Reformation

Accepted Answer

Schism w/n Christianity started in 1517 by Martin Luther; leaders of the movement claimed to "reform" a church that had fallen from Biblical practice, in the reality the movement was radically innovative in its challenge to Church authority.

Question 23

Matteo Ricci

Accepted Answer

The most famous Jesuit missionary in China in the early modern era; active in China from 1582 to 1610.

Question 24

Scientific Revolution

Accepted Answer

Great European intellectual and cultural trandsforamtion that was based on the principles of the scientific method.

Question 25

Sikhism

Accepted Answer

Religious tradition of northern India founded by Guru Nanak ca. 1500; combines elements of Hinduism and Islam and proclaims the brotherhood of all human and the equality of men and women.

Question 26

Society of Jesus

Accepted Answer

"Jesuits", this Catholic religious society was founded to encourage the renewal of Catholicism through education and preaching; it soon became a leading Catholic missionary order beyond the borders of Europe.

Question 27

Taki Onquoy

Accepted Answer

Literally, "dancing sickness"; a religious revival movement in central Peru in the 1560s whose members preached the imminent destruction of Christianity and of the Europeans in favor o a renewed Andean golden age.

Question 28

Thirty Years' War

Accepted Answer

Highly destructive war (1618-1648) that eventually included most of Europe; fought for the most part between the Protestants and the Catholics, the conflict ended with the Peace of Westphalia (1648).

Question 29

Voltaire

Accepted Answer

Pen name of the French philosopher Francois-Marie Arouet; noted for his deism

Question 30

Wahhabi Islam

Accepted Answer

Major Islamic movement led by the Muslim theologian Abd al-Wahhab that advocated an austere lifestyle and strict adherence to the sharia (Islamic law)

Question 31

Wang Yangmin

Accepted Answer

Prominent Chinese philosopher who argued that it was possible to achieve a virtuous life by introspection, without the extensive education of tradition Confucianism.

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Chapter 16 Terms