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AHS Ancient History
India's Great Civilization
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Epics | long poems celebrating heroes, sung by Aryan warrior-herders |
| Varnas | social classes introduced by the Aryans, there were four main social classes |
| Brahmans | Priests: study and teach the Vedas, perform religious ceremonies to please the Aryan deities and ensure the welfare of people |
| Kshatriyas | Warriors, rulers: study the Vedas, lead government, and head army |
| Vaisyas | common people, merchants, artisans, farmers: tend herds, care for land; make and sell useful products |
| Sudras | unskilled laborer, servants: serve other Varnas |
| Pariahs | slaves: perform tasks considered unclean |
| Jati | the division among the four Varnas, formed according to occupatinod |
| Dharma | the duties of the males who belonged to each varna. members of each varna were urged to do their duty, the concept included doing what was proper for one's own age |
| Mahabharata | an epic poem stressed the importance of dharma in Indian life. 100,00 verses long, is a collection of writings by several authors, the story included two families' struggle for power and discussions of religion and philosophy |
| Hinduism | became the national religion of India, evolved from the Aryan religion, believing in many gods and deities |
| Brahma | one of the 3 most important hindu gods was the Creator |
| Vishnu | one of the 3 most important hindu gods was the Preserver |
| Siva | one of the 3 most important hindu gods was the Destroyer |
| Upanishads | religious writings that tells of a universal spirit present within all life |
| Braham Nerguna | one eternal spirit talked about in the Upanishads, to know true freedom followers must free their souls from the material world |
| Reincarnation | the belief by Hindus that the soul passes through many lifetimes before it finally achieves union with the universal spirit |
| Karma | the cycle of rebirth is determined by this principle, how one lives his or her life determines what form the person will take in the next life |
| Ahimsa | out of the desire to practice non violence, the believer is required to protect humans, animals, and even insects and plants. |
| Moksha | the state where the pain of the cycle of reincarnation is finally released |
| Siddhartga Gautama | a Kshatriya prince who renounced his title and wealth to live a life of a hermit seeking the truth through fasting and self-denial |
| Buddha | The Enlightened One |
| Four Noble Truths | a religious philosophy that when followed would lead the followers to reach Moksha |
| The Eightfold Path | a path to Nirvana |
| Nirvana | a state of freedom from the cycle of rebirth , it is not a place , but a state of extinction |
| Stupas | large stone mounds, over the bone of Buddhist holy people, known for their elaborately carved stone pathways |
| Theravada | a branch of Buddhism, remaining close to the original teachings, where Buddha was just a teacher, established in South Asia and Southeast Asia |
| Mahayana | encouraged the worship of Buddha as a divine being and savior, became dominant in China, korea, and Japan. |
| Chandragupta Maurya | a skilled administrator, developed a postal system, had a strong army, and an extensive spy network, he founded the Mauryan Kingdom in Northern and Central India |
| Asoka | his empire covered two-thirds of India. He was a brutal warrior who later became Buddhist and made laws stressing concern for other human beings |
| Rock Edicts | the written laws of Asoka ,written in local languages not Sanskrit |
| Chandragupta I | introduced the Gupta dynasty, later known as India's Golden Age |
| Chandragupta II | The King loved by his subjects, a very kind leader, Sanskrit became the major language |
| Panchatantra | a collection of tales that were moral lessons, with animals acting like humans |
| Shakuntala | a play about romantic love between a king and a forest maiden |
| Kalidasa | the most famous playwright of the Gupta times, wrote Shakuntala |
| Arabic Numerals | adopted by the traders from the Middle East, symbols for numbers 1 to 9 |
| Harappan Civilization | a civilization found on the Indus river dating back from 2500 BC |
| Harappa | one of the major cities of the Harappan civilization |
| Mohenjo-Daro | another important Harappan city, near the Arabian Sea |
Created by:
tbostwick
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