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Nissing Micro Ch2
Micro Ch2 Chemistry of Microbiology (ORG MOLECULES, Fn GROUPS)
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Anything that takes up space and has mass | Matter |
| Smallest chemical units of matter | Atoms |
| In 1913, this physicist proposed the model of electrons orbiting a nucleus of protons and neutrond | Niels H. D. Bohr |
| Negatively charged subatomic particles | electrons |
| positively charged subatomic particle | proton |
| uncharged subatomic particle | neutron |
| Matter composed of a single type of atom | element |
| Number representing the number of protons in the nucleus of the atoms of an element | atomic number |
| Number representing the sum of the masses of the protons, neutrons, and electrons | Atomic mass (sometimes called atomic weight) |
| Name for one atomic mass unit, which refers to the weight of a single proton or neutron | Dalton |
| The mass of an electron is significantly (smaller/larger) than the mass of a proton | smaller, about 0.00054 of a dalton, which is why electrons don't contribute significantly to atomic mass. |
| Atoms of an element with different numbers of neutrons are called... | isotopes |
| Isotopes are written either with a superscript number and the symbol of the element, or the name of the element followed by a number. What does the number represent? | the mass of that atom. For example, carbon-12 has 6n+6p=12. carbon-13 has 7n+6p=13. |
| When unstable isotopes release subatomic particles, this is known as... | radioactive decay |
| Which subatomic particle determines the atom's chemical behavior? | electrons |
| Isotopes of different chemicals all behave in (the same/different) way in chemical reactions. | The same. Because only the nuclei of isotopes vary, the electrons are the same and therefore have the same chemical behavior |
| Electrons move around the nucleus in 3-D patterns that are referred to as... | shells or clouds |
| The outermost shell of atoms is called... | valence shell, valence electrons |
| The combining capacity of an atom | valence |
| The valence of an atom is considered positive if... | it has extra electrons on its valence shell to give up |
| The valence of an atom is considered to be negative if... | its valence shell has spaces to fill |
| When atoms combine with one another by either sharing or transferring valence electrons in such a way as to fill their valance shells, this is what kind of bond? | Chemical bond |
| Two or more atoms held together by chemical bonds are called. | a molecule |
| A molecule that contains atoms of more than one element is called... | a compound |
| What are the three types of chemical bond? | Nonpolanr covalent, Polar covalent, and Ionic |
| Which type of bonding occurs when two atoms share a pair of electrons? | Covalent bonding |
| Name the attraction atom has for electrons | electronegativity |
| A covalent bond made between two atoms with similar electronegativities will be... | nonpolar |
| H-H and H:H are both what kind of formula? | Structural |
| H2 is what kind of formula? | Molecular |
| What two atoms are required to create organic compounds? | Carbon and Hydrogen |
| If a covalent bond is formed between two atoms with significantly different electronegativities, this forms a... | polar covalent bond |
| In this kind of bond, a shared electron pair will spend more of its time orbiting the more electronegative nucleus | polar covalent bond |
| In a polar covalent bond, one atom will experience a transient (partial) negative charge. Which one? | The one with the greater electronegativity because it will have an extra electron most of the time |
| Which molecules are generally water soluble? | Those with polar covalent bonds |
| Which type of bond is formed by cations and anions? | ionic bond |
| When a low-electronegative atom like Na loses an electron to a high-electronegative atom, it becomes a positively charged ion called a... | cation |
| When a high-electronegative atom like Cl gains an electron from a low-electronegative atom, it becomes a negatively charged ion called an... | anion |
| Water molecules have polar bonds that interfere with ionic bonds, causing... | dissociation or ionization |
| When dissociated cations and anions become hydrated, they are called... | electrolytes, which can conduct electricity |
| In which type of chemical bond are electrons transferred to one another, then attracted to eachother by their changed charges? | ionic |
| These weak bonds are a consequence of a polar covalent bond | Hydrogen bond |
| Term that describes the making or breaking of chemical bonds | Chemical Reaction |
| All chemical reactions begin with the atoms, ions, or molecules that will be part of the reaction. They are called the... | reactants |
| All chemical reaction result in these; they are the atoms, ions, or molecules left after the reaction is complete | products |
| term meaning chemical reactions of living things | biochemistry |
| The numbers and types of atoms (do/do not) change in a chemical reaction | do not |
| Formation of larger, more complex molecules by combining reactants | Synthesis reaction |
| Two smaller molecules are joined together by a covalent bond, removing 2 hydrogens and an oxygen. So a water molecule will be a product | dehydration synthesis |
| This reaction occurs when a hydrogen molecule (H+) from one reactant combines with a hydroxyl ion (OH-) from another reactant | Dehydration, because H20 will be a product |
| Reactions that require energy, and trap energy within new molecular bonds | Endothermic |
| Term meaning all of the synthesis reactions in an organism | anabolism |
| The reverse of synthesis reactions, breaking bonds with larger molecules to form smaller products | Decomposition reactions |
| Reactions that release energy that were stored in their bonds | Exothermic |
| Covalent bond in a large molecule is broken down and the ionic components of water (H+ and OH-) are added to the products. | Hydrolysis, hydrolytic reaction |
| Term meaning decomposition reactions in an organism | Catabolism |
| Reactions that have features similar to both synthesis and decomposition reactions, involving breaking and forming bonds, endothermic and exothermic | Exchange reactions, aka transfer reactions |
| Chemical reactions in an organism, including catabolism, anabolism, and exchange reactions | metabolism |
| Chemicals typically lacking carbon, including water, metals, acids, bases, and salts | Inorganic substances, inorganic chemicals |
| What causes water molecules to have the cohesive properties such as surface tension? | Hydrogen bonds |
| Substance that dissociates into one or more hydrogen ions and one or more anions. | Acid |
| Molecules that bind with H+ when dissolved in water | Base |
| Substances such as proteins that prevent drastic changes in internal pH | buffers |
| KH2PO4 | a buffer often used in microbiological media, combining with H+ in acidic conditions, releasing H+ ions in alkaline conditions |
| Cations and anions of salts which are used by cells to create electrical differences, to transfer ions, and as components of enzymes | electrolytes |
| Name the functional group: -NH2 | Amino, in all amino acids |
| Name the functional group: -OH or HO- | Hydroxyl, in all alcohols |
| Name the functional group: -CHO | Aldehyde |
| Name the functional group: -CO | Ketones |
| Name the functional group: -COOH | Carboxylic acid |
| Name the functional group: -OPO3(-2) | Organic phosphates |
| Name the functional group: -SH | Thiols Sulfhydryl |
| Atoms that often appear in certain common arrangements | functional groups |
| 4 macromolecules used by all organisms | carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids |
| Diverse group of organic macromolecules not composed of regular subunits and hydrophobic | lipids |
| Macromolecule composed almost entirely of carbon and hydrogen atoms linked by nonpolar covalent bonds | Lipids (nonpolar = nonwater) include fats, phospholipids, waxes, steroids |
| Type of lipid created via dehydration synthesis reaction forming esters between three chainlike acids and an alcohol named glycerol | Fats, or triglycerides |
| How many carbon atoms are in any one of the three fatty acids that make up a fat? | 12 to 20 |
| If every carbon atom except the terminal one is linked solely by a single bond to two hydrogen atoms, this fatty acid is said to be... | saturated fatty acid |
| If a fatty acid has at least one double bond between adjacent carbon atoms, thereby creating at least one carbon atom bound only to a single hydrogen atom, it is called... | Unsaturated fatty acid |
| If multiple double bonds exist in a fatty acid of a molecule of fat, it is said to be... | polyunsaturated fat |
| The type of fats found in animals that are usually solid at room temp are... | saturated, and closely pack together |
| The type of fats found in plans that are usually liquid at room temp are... | unsaturated |
| Fats can be catabolized to provide energy for these 3 functions: | movement, synthesis, transport |
| The carbon atoms of a glycerol are connected to two fatty acid chains and one phosphate group | Phospholipids |
| These lipids have a hydrophilic head and a hydrophobic tail | phospholipids |
| These lipids have one long-chain fatty acid linked covalently to a long-chain alcohol by an ester bond and are completely hydrophobic | waxes |
| A lipid that consists of four rings of 5-6 carbons with various side chains and functional groups, like cholesterol | Steroid |
| Lipid that consists of four rings of 5-6 carbons with various side chains and functional groups, one is a hydroxyl. | Sterol |
| What's the difference between a steroid and a sterol? | Sterols have an -OH on them |
| Organic molecules composed solely of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a ratio of 1:2:1 | Carbohydrate |
| Large carbohydrates such as starch and glycogen are used for ________________ storage of energy | long term |
| Glucose, a smaller carbohydrate molecule, is used as a ______________________ source in most cells | ready energy |
| These macromolecules form part of the backbones of DNA and RNA | Carbohydrates |
| polymers of this macromolecule form the cell walls of most fungi, plants, algae, and prokaryotes | carbohydrates and phosphates |
| The simplest carbohydrates are simple sugars, known as... | monosaccharides |
| The general name for carbs with 5 carbons like deoxyribose, the sugar component in DNA, is ... | pentose |
| Sucrose, a disaccharide, is created by the linkage of glucose and fructose by releasing a water molecule. This process is known as... | dehydration synthesis |
| A long unbranched molecule of only B-1,4 bonds of glucose that is the main constituent of plant and algae cell walls | Cellulose |
| A long unbranched molecule of only a-1,4 bonds of glucose that is a starch storage compound in plants | Amylose |
| A highly branched molecule with both a-1,4 and B-1,4 bonds of glucose formed in animal livers | Glycogen |
| Cell walls of bacteria are composed of polysaccharides and amino acids, making... | peptidoglycan |
| Name the elements which compose proteins | C, H, O, N, S |
| Name 3 functions proteins perform | Structure, catalysis, regulation, transportation, defense/offense |
| Proteins are polymers made up of monomers called... | amino acids |
| An amino acid has these components: | a carbon attached to an amino group (NH2), a carboxyl group (COOH), a hydrogen (H), and a side group ("R") |
| How many amino acids are used by most organisms to synthesize proteins? | 21 |
| Base or acid: carboxyl group | acid |
| Base or acid: amino group | base |
| Because amino acids have both acidic carboxyl and basic amino groups, this means... | it has both positive and negative charges and is easily soluble in water |
| D forms of molecules bend light in which direction? | clockwise ("D" often means right, and clockwise is sort of to the right) |
| L forms of molecules bend light in which direction? | counterclockwise ("L" for left) |
| organic molecules that have both a D and an L form, with all the same atoms and functional groups but are mirror images of each other | stereoisomers |
| The what are the common stereoisomer for amino acids and sugars? | Amino acids - L Sugars - D |
| What is a peptide bond? | A covalent bond by dehydration synthesis between the carbon of one amino acid's carboxyl and the nitrogen of another's amino group |
| two amino acids linked together is called a... | dipeptide (polypeptide is more) |
| This structure refers to the sequence of amino acids and can drastically affect the overall structure and function of the protein, even forming a prion | Primary structure |
| This structure refers to the repetitive a-helices or B-pleated sheets formed by ionic and hydrogen bonds | Secondary structure |
| This structure refers to non repetitive 3-D shapes caused by covalent bonds between -R groups of amino acids, hydrogen and ionic bonds, and other molecular interactions | Tertiary structure |
| This structure can cause nonpolar sides of chains to fold away from water | Tertiary structure |
| In tertiary structure, these covalent bonds are critical in maintaining tertiary structure | disulfide bridge |
| This structure refers to the linking of two or more polypeptide chains by disulfids bonds making a globular or fibrous shape | Quaternary structure |
| glycoproteins are made by covalently binding what two molecules? | protein and carbohydrate |
| lipoproteins are made by bonding what two molecules? | Lipids and proteins |
| The process by which a disruption occurs to the 3-D structure by change in temp, pH, NaCl concentration, etc interfering with hydrogen and ionic bonds | denaturation |
| Unbranched macromolecular polymers containing vital genetic material of cells and viruses | DNA and RNA |
| Name the 3 parts of a nucleotide | phosphate (PO4), a pentose sugar (ribose or deoxyribose), nitrogenous base |
| Name the 5 cyclic nitrogenous bases | Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, Thyamine, Uracil |
| Name the 2 double-ringed purines | Adenine, Guanine |
| Name the 3 single-ringed pyrimadines | Cytosine, Thymine, Uracil |
| Which pentose sugar does DNA contain? | deoxyribose |
| Name the parts of a nucleoside | pentose sugar and nitrogenous base. It's like a nucleotide without the phosphate |
| Polymerization of nucleic acids result in a linear spine composed of these two alternating groups. | phosphates and pentose sugars |
| What do you find at the 5' end of a nucleotide chain? | Carbon 5' of the sugar attached to a phosphate group |
| What do you find at the 3' end of a nucleotide chain? | Carbon 3' of the sugar is not attached to a phosphate group |
| How many hydrogen bonds form between Cytosine and Guanine? | Three |
| How many hydrogen bonds form between Adenine and Thymine or Uracil? | Two |
| Two DNA strands run so that one is from the 3' end to the 5' end and the other is the opposite. What is this called? | antiparallel |
| This is the genetic material for all organisms and many viruses, and carries instructions for RNA synthesis | DNA |
| What is the principal short term recyclable energy supply for cells? | ATP |
| ATP is a structural molecule in what? | Coenzymes, like flavin adenine dinucleotide, nicotinamide nucleotide, coenzyme A |
| Think you know organic molecules? | Scroll down and click on the target to TEST yourself |
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jenissing
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