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Chapter 16
Unit 4
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| How was Christianity divided internally? | Between the Roman Catholics and the Eastern Orthodox |
| Where were the Roman Catholics? | Western and Central Europe |
| Where was the Eastern Orthodox? | Eastern Europe and Russia |
| Who was Christianity on the defensive against? | An expansive Islam |
| What did Muslims do to the Christian Crusaders by 1300? | Ousted them from their toeholds in the Holy Land |
| How did the Muslims capture the prestigious capital of Eastern Orthodoxy? | With the Ottoman seizure of Constantinople in 1453 |
| What had the Muslim Ottomans done by 1529? | Advanced into the heart of Central Europe with the seige of Vienna |
| Who was Martin Luther? | A German priest |
| What did Martin Luther do? | Posted a document known as the Ninety-five theses on the door of a church in Wittenberg that invited debate about various abuses within the Roman Catholic church |
| What did Martin Luther launch? | The Protestant Reformation in 1517 |
| What did Martin Luther believe about salvation? | That it came from faith alone |
| What did Martin Luther believe had no bearing on the eternal destiny of the soul and why? | Neither the good works of the sinner nor the sacraments of the Church, because faith was a free gift of god. |
| In general, what was the source of authority in the church not? | The teachings of the church |
| What was the source of authority in the Church? | The Bible alone, interpreted according to the individual's conscience |
| What did Martin Luther's Ninety-Five Theses call into question? | The special position of the clerical hierarchy and the pope in particular |
| What did the schism within the Catholic Church give some kings and princes? | Justification for their own independence from the Church and an opportunity to gain the lands and taxes previously held by the Church |
| What did the schism within the Catholic Church provide the urban middle class? | A new religious legitimacy for their growing role in society |
| What was the schism within the Catholic Church used by common people to do? | Express their opposition to the whole social order, especially in a series of German peasant revolts in the 1520s |
| What did Reformation teachings and practices not offer women? | A greater role in the church or society |
| What happened in Protestant-dominated areas because of the schism within the Catholic Church? | The veneration of Mary and female saints ended, leaving the male Christ figure as the sole object of worship |
| What did Protestant opposition to celibacy and monastic life do? | Close the convents, which had offered some women an alternative to marriage |
| What did the reading of the Bible for oneself stimulate? | Education and literacy for women |
| Even though women were becoming more literate and educated, what still happened to them? | They were still subject to male supervision and had little opportunity to use thei education outside of the home and family |
| What invention helped Reformation thinking to spread? | The printing press |
| Who invented the printing press? | Johannes Guttanberg |
| Where did Remformation thinking spread, thanks to the invention of the printing press? | To France, Switzerland, England, and elsewhere |
| What churches did Reformation thinking splinter into? | Lutheran, Calvinist, Anglican, Quaker, and Anabaptist |
| Who was the Thirty Years' War between? | Catholics and the Protestant minority |
| What was the Protestant minority called? | Huguenots |
| Who issued the Edict of Nantes in 1598? | The war-weary French monarch, Henry VI |
| What did the Edict of Nantes do? | Granted a substantial measure of religious toleration to French Protestants in the hopes that they would return to the Catholic Church. |
| Where did the Thrity Years' War begin, and where did it eventually engulf? | Began in the Holy Roman Empire, but eventually engulfed most of Europe |
| What did the destructive Thirty Years' War bring? | Famine, violence, and disease |
| What happened to the Germans in the Thirty Years' War? | 15 to 30 percent of the population perished |
| What was the Peace of Westphalia? | It ended the Thirty Years' War, with some reshuffling of boundaries and an agreement that each state was sovereign, authorized to control religious affairs within its own territory. |
| What happened to the unity of the Catholic Church in the Thirty Years' War? | It was broken forever |
| What did Christianity motivate and benefit from? | European imperial expansion |
| What did the Spanish and Portuguese view their movement overseas as? | A continuation of a long crusading tradition, which only recently had completed the liberation of their countries frmo Muslim control? |
| What did colonial settlers and traders bring with them? | Their faith |
| What did colonial settlers and traders seek to do with their faith? | Replicate it in their newly conquered homelands |
| What did Catholic missionaries actively spread? | The Christian message beyond European communities |
| Where did Portuguese missionaries take the lead in? | Africa and Asia |
| Where were Spanish and French missionaies most prominent? | In the Americas |
| What did missionaries of the Russian Orthodox Church accomodate to and how? | Expansion of the Russian Empire by ministering to Russian settlers and trapers across Siberia |
| Where did the missionaries have success? | In Spanish America and in the Philippines |
| How were the efforts of the missionaries success in Spanish America and in the Philippines strengthened? | By a European presence experienced as military conquest, colonial settlement, missionary activity, forced labor, social disruption, and disease |
| Who won the Thirty Years' War? | The Protestants |
| An absence of what in Spanish America and the Philippines helped the missionaries success? | A literate world religion in these two regions |
| Where were missionary efforts to spread Christianity much less successful? | China |
| What was never threatened in China by the handful of European traders and missionaries operating in the country? | China's political independence or cultural integrity |
| How many European missionaries and traders were in China? | Only a handful |
| What was the population and society in Spanish America than made missionary efforts there much easier? | The population was defeated and society disrupted |
| What did Europeans have to do to operate in China? | Get permission from Chinese authorities |
| What did Spanish missionaries working in a colonial setting seek primarily to do? | Convert the masses |
| Where did the Jesuit take deliberate aim at in China? | The official Chinese elite |
| What did the missionaries offer China? | Little they needed |
| What adequately supplied the spiritual needs of most Chinese? | Confucianism for the elites and Buddhism, Daoism, and Chinese gods and spirits for the commoners. |
| What two kinds of Afrcanized versions of Christianity emerged in the New World? | Santeria and Vodou |
| Where did Africanized versions of Christianity in the New World derive from? | West African traditions |
| What did the West African traditions, that helped start Africanized versions of Christianity, feature? | Drumming, ritual dancing, animal sacrifice, and spirit possession |
| How did Europeans perceive Afrcanized version of Christianity? | As evidence of sorcery or witchcraft |
| What did the Europeans try to do to Afrcanized versions of Christianity? | Suppress them |
| What did the continued spread of Islam in the early modern era depend on? | Wandering Muslim holy men, Islamic scholars, and traders, who never posed a threat to local rulers |
| What did Muslim holy men, Islamic scholars, and traders offer and provide local peoples? | They offered literacy in Arabic, established informal schools, provided protective charms containing passages from the Quran, served as advisors to local authorites and healers to the sick, and intermarried with locals |
| What did Muslim holy men, Islamic scholars, and traders not insist that new converts do? | Give up some of their older practices |
| What did Muslims offer a connection to? | The wider world of Islam |
| What were renewal movements? | Going back to Orthodox |
| What became offensive to more orthodox, or traditional, Muslims? | Religious syncretism |
| What did a younf Muslim theologian, Abd al-Wahib, argue? | That the declining fortunes of the Islamic world were the result of a gradual process of decay that had crept in over centuries, as Muslims had been drawn away from the faith. |
| What did the young Muslim theologian, Abd al-Wahib, reject in Islam? | The veneration of Sufi saints and their tombs, the adoration of natural sites, and even the respect paid to Muhammad's tomb at Mecca. |
| Why did Abd al-Wahib reject so many things in Islam? | He believed they were all a dilution of the absolute monotheism of authentic Islam |
| What did some Chinese Buddhists seek to do? | Make their religion more accessible to ordinary people |
| Some Chinese Buddhists sought to make their religion more accessible to ordinary people? Who was this like and why? | Martin Luther because he argued that individuals could seek salvation by faith alone without the assistance of a priestly hierarchy |
| What kinds of popular culture emerged in the cities among the less well educated? | Plays, paintings, short stories, and novels |
| What did plays, paintings, short stories, and novels provide the less well educated? | Diversion and entertainment that was a step up from what could be found in teahouses and wine shops |
| What did the bhakti movement provide an avenue for? | Social criticism |
| What did the devotional form of Hinduism, the bhakti movement, seek to achieve? | Union with one or another of India's many deities through songs, prayers, dances, poetry, and rituals. |
| What did bhakti practitioners often set aside and disregard? What was this in favor for? | Caste distinctions and rituals of Brahmin priests in favor for direct contact with the divine |
| What did the bhakti emphasis have much in common with? | The mystical Sufi form of Islam |
| What did bhakti help to blur? | The distinction between the two traditions in India |
| From what did Sikhism evolve? | From a peaceful religious movement, blending Hindu and Muslim elements, into a militant community |
| What idea did Copernicus come up with in the Scientific Revolution? | Heliocentric, or that the earthr revolves around the sun, which is the center of the univerrs |
| What idea did Galileo create in the Scientific Revolution? What happened? | Also heliocentric, but the Pope forced him to recant |
| What is Descartes, from France, famous for saying in the Scientific Revolution? What does this mean? | "I think, therefore I am". It means, I am the only thing I know is real. |
| What idea did Newton, from England, create in the Scientific Revolution? | Gravity |
| What was the long-term significance of the Scientific Revolution? | It altered ideas about the place of humandkind within the cosmos and sharply challenged both the teachings and the authority of the Church |
| When applied to human society, what did scientific ways of thinking challenge? | Ancient social hierarchies and political systems |
| What did scientific ways of thinking play a role in? | Revolutionary upheavals of the modern era |
| What in Europe gave rise to condition favorable to scientific enterprise? | Its historical development as a reinvigorated and fragmented civilization |
| What was the Scientific Revolution? | A rebirth of critical thinking, or a continuation of Greek philosophy in that in answered nature problems without the gods. |
| What does the Scientific Revolution equal? | The Scientific method |
| What does Jesuit literally mean? | The order of Jesus |
| What are Jesuits? | Scholar missionaries sent globally |
| How had Europeans evolved? | They had a legal system that guranteed a measure of independence from the Church, universities, and other professional associations |
| What didn't the Europeans have to operate under? | The dictates of the Church |
| What was Western Europe in a position to do in the 16th-18th centuries? | Draw extensively upon the knowledge of other cultures, especially that of the Islamic world |
| What did the Europeans find themselves at the center of because they had engaged in the Columbian Exchange? | A massive new exchange of information of lands, peoples, animals, societies, and religions from around the world |
| What did new concepts in Europe do? | Shake older ways of thinking and opened up a new way of thinking |
| Where was science patronized in the Islamic world? | By a variety of local authorities |
| Where did science occur in the Islamic world? | Outside the formal system of higher education |
| What held the central place in the Islamic world, since it wasn't science? | Quranic studies and religous law |
| How were philisophy and natural science viewed in the Islamic world? | With great suspicion |
| What did Chinese education focus on? | Preparing for a rigidly defined set of civil service examinations |
| What did Chinese education emphasize? | The humanistic and moral texts of classical Confucianism |
| Where were scientific subjects relegated to in China? | The margins of the Chinese educational system |
| What facts about earth did medieval thinkers believe? | It was stationary at the center of the universe and around it revolved the sun, moon, and stars embedded in ten spheres of transparent crystals |
| Why did what the medieval thinkers believe about the earth coincide with the religious purpose of the Catholic Church? | The church believed the entire attention of the universe was centered on the earth, which agreed with the medieval thinkers |
| What did Nocholas Copernicus believe about the earth and solar system? | The sun was in the middle, and the earth, as well as other planets, revolved around it. The earth was no longer the center of God'a attention |
| What did Galileo Galilei develop, and what did he observe with it? | An improved telescope, with which he observed sunspots, or blemishes, moving across the face of the sun. |
| What did Galileo Galilei's observations with his improved telescope call into question? | The traditional notion that no change or imperfections marred the heavenly bodies |
| What did Sir Isaac Newton formulate? | The modern laws of motion and mechanics |
| What was central to Newton's thinking? | The concept of universal gravitation |
| After Newton's discoveries, why were the heavena and the earth no longer regarded as separate spheres? | The motion of a cannonball on earth of the falling of an apple from a tree obeyed the same natural laws that governed orbiting planets |
| What did Enlightenment thinkers share? | A belief in the power of knowledge to transform human society, a satirical, critical style, a commitment to open-mindedness and inquiry, and in various degrees, a hostility to established political and religious authority |
| What did Darwin and Marx believe strongly in? | Progress |
| What did Darwin and Marx believe were the motors of progress? | Conflict and struggle, rather than reason and education |
| What did Darwin and Marx believe was fading that was created by the Enlightenment? | The image of the tranquil, rational, and autonomuous individual |
| What were individuals of all species now viewed as caught in? | Vast systems of biological, economic, and social conflict |
| What Sigmund Freund apply scientific techniques to? | The operation of the human mina and emotions, and in doing so cast further doubt on Enlightenment conceptions of human rationality |
| What did Freund argue was at the core of each person? | Primal impulses toward sexuality and aggression, which were only barely held in check by the thin veneer of social conscience derived from civilization. |
| Why were the Chinese interested in European astronomy and mathematics? | Those disciplines proved useful in predicting eclipses, reforming the calendar, and making accurate maps of the empire. |
| What held little interest to Chinese physicians before the 19th century? | European medicines |
| What did Japan lift in 1720? | The ban on importing Western books |
| What did Japanese read texts on? | Medicine, astronomy, geography, and math |
| Why would European science not assume a prominent place in Japanese culture until the mid 19th century? | Japan had a policy of isolation from Western influence |
| In what way was European science received in the Ottoman Empire? | Intellectual elites saw no need for a wholesale embrace of things European. There was already a rich tradition of Muslim astronomy. |
| What was Enlightenment? | Applying scientific method to society |
| How was Wang Yangmin's Confucianism most similar to Martin Luther's Christianity? | They both saw truth as innately accessible for every human being |
| Who was Wang Yangmin's Confucianism similar to? | Martin Luther's Christianity |
| What did both Wang Yangmin and Martin Luther see truth as? | Innately accessible for every human being |
| According to Wang Yangmin and Martin Luther, what was innately accessible for every human being? | Truth |
| What was Martin Luther's Christianity similar to? | Wang Yangmin's Confucianism |
| In response to the Protestant breakaway, the Catholic Church reaffirmed and reformed its doctrines and practices through the...? | Counter-Reformation |
| What was the Counter-Reformation? | When the Catholic Church reaffirmed and reformed its doctrines and practices |
| What did the Catholic Church reaffirm and reform in the Counter-Reformation? | Its doctrines and practices |
| What did the Catholic Church do to its doctrines and practices in the Counter-Reformation? | Reaffirmed and reformed them |
| In response to whom did the Catholic Church create the Catholic-Reformation? | Protestants |
| What is Syncretism? | The blending of two or more religions, usually the blending of a dominant religion such as Christianity and native religions involving magic, spirits, sacrifices, and other rituals |
| In Syncretism, what do you blend a dominant religion with? | Native religions involving magic, spirits, sacrifices, and other riutals? |
| In Syncretism, what do you blend native religions with? | A dominant one, such as Christianity |
| What do native religions involve that blend with dominant religion in syncretism? | Magic, spirits, sacrifices, and other riutals? |
| What is it called when you blend a dominat religion with a native one? | Syncretism |
| Copernicus's discovery of a sun centered universe almost certainly drew from discoveries made 200-300 years earlier in present-day...? | Iran |
| What did Coperniscus discover? | Our universe is centered on the sun |
| Who discovered that our universe is centered on the sun? | Copernicus |
| In present-day Iran, what was discovered 200-300 years before Copernicus? | That the universe was centered on the sun |
| What was Coperniscus's discovery of a sun centered universe drew from? | Discoveries made 200-300 years earlier in present-day Iran |
| The Spanish and Portuguese saw their expansion of Christianity to their colonies as part of a tradition of...? | Crusading |
| Where did the Spanish and Portuguese expand Christianity to? | Their colonies |
| What did the Spanish and Portuguese do as a part of their tradition of crusading? | Expanded Christianity to their colonies |
| What expanded Christianity to their colonies as part of their tradition of crusading? | The Spanish and Portuguese |
| What religion did the Spanish and Portuguese expand to their colonies as part of their tradition of crusading? | Christianity |
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