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Ch 16: sciencetology

Science and Religion

QuestionAnswer
How was Christianity divided? Roman Catholics and the Eastern Orthodox Church.
The Roman Catholics were in ________ and ______ ______. Western, Central Europe
The Easter Orthodox were in ________ _______ and ______. Eastern Europe, Russia
Christianity was ________ against an expansive Islam. defensive
By 1300, what had the Muslims done to the Christians? They had ousted Christian Crusaders from their toeholds in the Holy Land.
What happened in 1453 between the Muslims and the Christians? The Ottoman Empire's seizure of Constantinople.
Where was the capital of Eastern Orthodoxy? Constantinople.
By 1529, what had happened between the Muslims and the Christians? The Muslim Ottomans had advanced into the heart of Central Europe with the siege of Vienna.
When did the Protestant Reformation begin? 1517
Who was Martin Luther? A German Priest.
Martin Luther started the... Protestant Reformation.
How did Martin Luther start the Protestant Reformation? He posted the Ninety-five Theses on the door of a church in Wittenberg.
What were the Ninety-five These? A document stating various abuses with the Roman Catholic Church.
Who wrote the Ninety-five These? Martin Luther.
What was one of the issues in the Church, of which people were critical? The luxurious lives of the popes.
What was one of the issues in the Church, of which people were critical? Corruption and immortality of some of the clergy.
What was one of the issues in the Church, of which people were critical? The Church's selling of indulgences.
How did the schism within the Catholic Church help some kings and princes? It gave them independence from the Church and an opportunity to gain the lands and taxes previously held by the church.
How did the schism within the Catholic Church help some urban middle classes? It provided them a new religious legitimacy for their growing role in society.
How did the schism within the Catholic Church affect common peoples? It was used to express their opposition to the whole social order.
When did some of the German peasant revolts happen caused by the schism within the Catholic Church? The 1520s.
Why did the peasants want to revolt? The Reformation teachings and practices did not not offer them a greater role in the church or society.
After the schism within the Catholic Church, what happened within Protestant dominated areas? The veneration of Mary and female saints ended, leaving Christ as the sole object of worship.
What happened to women during the schism within the Catholic Church? Protestant opposition to celibacy and monastic life closed the convents, which had offered some women and alternate to marriage.
The reading of the Bible for oneself stimulated education and literacy for women, BUT... They were still subject to male supervision and had little opportunity to use their education outside of the home and family.
What helped spread Reformation thinking? The invention of the printing press. Shout out to Johann Gutenberg... I see you baby.
Where did Reformation thinking spread? France, Switzerland, England, and else where.
What were some churches that were founded due to Reformation thinking? Lutheran, Calvinist, Anglican, Quaker, and Anabaptist.
When did the Thirty Years' War begin? when did it end? 1618-1648
What was the Thirty Years' War? Violence between Catholics and the Protestant minority.
Where did the Thirty Years' War take place? France.
Who are Huguenots? The Protestants in France.
What was the Edict of Nantes in 1598? Henry IV issued the Edict of Nantes, which granted a substantial measure of religious toleration to French Protestants.
The French monarchy thought the Edict of Nantes would... encourage the French Protestants to return to the Catholic Church.
The Edict of Nantes actually caused more... European religious conflict, which resulted in the Thirty Years' War.
The Thirty Years' War brought... violence, famine, disease, and between 15 to 30 percent of the German population perished.
What did the Peace of Westphalia (1648) do? It ended the Thirty Years' War, with some reshuffling of boundaries and an agreement that each state was sovereign, authorized to control religious affairs within its own territory.
The unity of a Catholic Europe was now... broken forever.
Christianity motivated European _______ ________ and also benefited from it. imperial expansion
How did the Spanish and Portuguese view their movement overseas? As a continuation of a long crusading traditions, which only recently had completed the liberation of their countries from Muslim control.
How did colonial settlers and traders spread their faith? They brought their faith with them and sought to replicate it in their newly conquered homelands.
Where did the Portuguese spread Christianity? Africa and Asia.
Where did the Spanish and French spread Christianity? The Americas.
How did the missionaries of the Russian Orthodox Church spread Christianity? By ministering to Russian settlers and trappers across Siberia.
Why were Spanish missionaries so successful in the Americas and the Philippines? Their efforts were strengthened by a European presence experienced as military conquest, colonial settlement, missionary activity, forced labor, social disruption, and disease.
What was a second factor that lead to the success of Christianity in the Americas and the Philippines? The absence of a literate world religion.
At no point was China's political independence or cultural integrity threatened by... the handful of European missionaries and traders operating in the country.
What did the Spanish do to convert Philippians and Native Americans? They just went in and dominated.
In China, Europeans needed _______ of Chinese authorities to operate in the country. permission
Spanish missionaries working in a colonial setting sought primarily to... convert the masses.
In China, the Jesuits took deliberate aim at the... official Chinese elite.
Who were the Jesuits? "the order of Jesus"; they were missionary scholars sent globally.
The missionaries offered little to the? Chinese
Why didn't Christianity really work out in China? They already had Confucianism, Buddhism, Daoism, and other Chinese gods and spirits.
What kinds of Africanized versions of Christianity emerged? Santeria and Vodou
What are some West African traditions that were included in Santeria and Vodou? Drumming, ritual dancing, animal sacrifice, and spirit possession.
What did the Europeans think of these West African traditions? They thought they were practicing sorcery or witchcraft and attempted to suppress them.
Who spread Islam in the early modern era? Wandering Muslim holy men, Islamic scholars, and traders.
The men who spread Islam in the early modern era posed no _____ to local rulers. threat
What positive impacts did the Muslims who spread Islam leave on other people, educationally? They offered literacy in Arabic and established informal schools.
What positive impacts did the Muslims who spread Islam leave on other people? Provided protective charms containing passages from the Quran, served as advisers to local authorities and healers to the sick, often intermarried with local people, and generally did not insist that new converts give up some of their older practices.
Muslims offered a connection to the... wider world of Islam.
During the mid-eighteenth century, what was happening within Arabia? They were going back to orthodox Islam.
Who was Abd al-Wahib? A young Muslim theologian who argued that the declining fortunes of the Islamic world were the result of a gradual process of decay that had crept in over the centuries.
What was the "decay" Abd al-Wahib was talking about? The Muslims were allowing themselves to be drawn away from the essentials of the faith.
What did Abd al-Wahib reject? The veneration of Sufi saints and their tombs, the adoration of natural sites, and even the respect paid to Muhammad's tomb at Mecca.
What did Abd al-Wahib believe about the things he rejected? All of this was a dilution of the absolute monotheism of authentic Islam.
Some Chinese Buddhists sought to make their religion more accessible to ordinary people, which bore some similarity to the thinking of whom? Martin Luther
What did Martin Luther argue? That individuals could seek salvation by "faith alone", without the assistance of a priestly hierarchy.
Describe the popular culture that emerged in the cities among the less well educated. Plays, paintings, short stories, and novels provided diversion and entertainment that were a step up from what could be found in tea houses and wine shops.
What was the bhakti movement? A devotional form of Hinduism sought to achieve union with one or another of India's many deities through songs, prayers, dances, poetry and rituals.
What did the bhakti movement provide for women? An avenue for social criticism.
Bhakti practitioners often set aside... caste distinctions and disregarded rituals of Brahmin priests in favor of direct contact with the divine.
The bhakti movement was similar to what religion? The Sufi form of Islam and helped to blur the distinction between these two traditions in India.
What is Sikhism? A religion of Hindu and Muslim elements.
From what did Sikhism evolve? From a peaceful religious movement, into a militant community.
Who was Copernicus? One of the men who created the Scientific Revolution from Poland, he was Heliocentric.
Who was Galileo? One of the men who created the Scientific Revolution from Italy, he was Heliocentric, but the Pope forced to recant.
Who was Descartes? One of the men who created the Scientific Revolution from France.
What was Descartes saying? "I think therefore I am", meaning "I am the only thing I know is real."
Who was Newton? One of the men who created the Scientific Revolution from England, he came up with the idea of gravity.
What ideas did the Scientific Revolution alter? It altered the ideas about the place of humankind within the cosmos and sharply challenged both the teachings and the authority of the Church.
What did the scientific ways of thinking challenge? The ancient social hierarchies and political systems and played a role in the revolutionary upheavals of the modern era.
The Europeans didn't have to operate under the... dictates of the Church.
Why did the Scientific Revolution occur in Europe? Their historical development as a reinvigorated and fragmented civilization gave rise to conditions favorable to scientific enterprise.
How had Europeans evolved? They had a legal system that guaranteed a measure of independence from the Church, universities, and other professional associations.
Western Europe was in a position to draw extensively upon the knowledge of other cultures, especially that of the... Islamic world.
In Europe, what was happening between the 16th and 18th century? Because of their engagement in the Colombian Exchange, they found themselves at the center of a massive new exchange of information of lands, peoples, animals, societies, and religions from around the world.
The new concepts in Europe shook... older ways of thinking and opened up a new way of thinking.
How did the Islams feel about science? It was patronized by a variety of local authorities, but it occurred outside the formal system of higher education.
What held the central place in Islam? Quranic studies and religious law.
What was viewed with great suspicion within the Islamic world? Philosophy and natural science.
What did Chinese people focus on? Preparing for a rigidly defined set of civil service examinations.
What did Chinese people emphasize? The humanistic and moral texts of classical Confucianism.
Why did the Scientific Revolution not happen in China? Scientific subjects were relegated to the margins of the Chinese educational systems.
What did medieval thinkers believe? The earth was stationary and at the center of the universe and around it revolved the sun, moon, and stars embedded in ten spheres of transparent crystal.
Medieval thinkers and the Catholic Church believed what? That the entire attention of the universe was centered on the earth.
What did Nicholas Copernicus believe? That "at the middle of all living things lies the sun" and the earth, and other planets, revolved around the sun.
What was Johannes Kepler theory? He showed that planets followed elliptical orbits, undermining the ancient belief that they moved in perfect circles.
What did Galileo Galilei develop? An improved telescope.
With Galileo's telescope, what did he observe? Sunspots moving across the face of the sun; which called into question the traditional notion that no change or imperfections marred the heavenly bodies.
What did Sir Isaac Newton formulate? The modern laws of motion and mechanics.
What did Enlightenment thinkers share? A belief in the power of knowledge to transform human society.
What did Enlightenment thinkers share? A satirical, critical style, a commitment to open-mindedness and inquiry, and in carious degrees a hostility to established political and religious authority.
What did Darwin and Marx believe? Strongly in progress, but in their thinking, conflict and struggle rather than reason and education were the motors of progress.
What was fading in the Enlightenment? The image of tranquil, rational, and autonomous individuals.
Individuals of all species were now viewed as caught in vast systems of... biological, economic, and social conflict.
Sigmund Freud applied scientific techniques to the... operation of the human mind and emotions and in doing so cast further doubt on Enlightenment conceptions of human rationality.
Freud argued, at the core of each person lay... primal impulses toward sexuality and aggression, which were only barely held in check by the thin veneer of social conscience derived from civilizations.
The Chinese were interested in European... astronomy and mathematics because those disciplines proved useful in predicting eclipses reforming the calendar, and making accurate maps of the empire.
Before the 19th century, European _________ held little interest to Chinese physicians. medicine
After 1720, Japan lifted what ban? The ban on importing Western books.
Why did European science not assume a prominent place in Japanese culture until the mid-nineteenth century? They had a policy of isolation from Western influence.
The Ottoman Empire's intellectual elites saw no need for a wholesale embrace of things _________. European
The Muslims didn't need European science because? There was already a rich tradition of Muslim astronomy.
Created by: 1213RachelBlair
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