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Chapter Sixteen 16
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Internally, how was Christianity divided? | Between the Roman Catholics of Western and Central Europe and the Eastern Orthodox of Eastern Europe and Russia. |
| What were the 2 types of Christianity overall? | Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox |
| Externally, how would you describe Christianity to the rest of the world? | It was on the defense against an expansive Islam. |
| What did the Muslims do by the 1300s? | They had ousted Christian Crusaders from their toeholds in the Holy Land |
| What did the Ottoman Empire (Muslim Empire) do in 1453? | seized Constantinople from the Christians |
| What did the seizure of Constantinople and the Holy Lands do to Christianity? | captured the prestigious capital of Eastern Orthodoxy. |
| What happened in 1529? | The Muslim Ottomans had advanced into the heart of Central Europe with the siege of Vienna. |
| Who was Martin Luther? | A German priest that posted the Ninety Five Theses on the church door. |
| When was the Protestant Reformation? | 1517 |
| What act launched the Protestant Reformation? | Martin Luther publicly invited debate aboutv various abuses within the Roman Catholic Church by posting a document known as the Ninety Five Theses on the door of a church in Wittenburg. |
| 1 Issue of the Church? | luxurious life of the popes |
| 2nd Issue of the Church? | corruption and immortality of some of the clergy |
| 3rd Issue of the Church? | The Church's selling of indulgences |
| What did Martin Luther believe? | That salvation came through faith alone. |
| What did he believe faith was? | a free gift from God |
| In general what did the Bible do? | interpreted according to the individuals conscience. |
| What did Martin Luther's thought bring into question? | the position of the clerical hierarchy and the pope |
| Politically, how was the schism expressed? | it gave some kings and princes justification for their own independence from the Church and a n opportunity to gain the lands and taxes previously held by the Church |
| Socially, what did schism do? | provided the urban middle classes a new religious legitimacy for their growing role in society. |
| Why was it used by the common people? | to express their opposition to the whole social order. |
| How did the Reformation affect the women? | teachings and practices didn't offer them a greater role in the church or society. |
| In the Protestant areas when the veneration of Mary and female saints ended, what happened to the men? | it left them as the Christ figure as the sole object of worship |
| What closed the convents? | Protestant opposition to celibacy and monastic life, which gave women an alternative to marriage |
| What stimulated education and literacy for women? | the reading of the Bible, but the women were still subject to male supervision and had little opportunity to use their education outside of the home and family. |
| Where did Reformation thinking spread thanks to the printing press, which was perfected by Gutenburg? | France, Switzerland, England, and elsewhere |
| During the Thirty Years War what happened to the French Society? | it was torn by violence between the Catholics and the Protestant minority |
| What are Huguenots? | French Protestants |
| What did Henry IV issue? | The Edict of Nantes in 1598 |
| What did the Edict of Nantes grant? | a substantial measure of religious toleration to French Protestants, hoping they would return to the Catholic Church |
| What did the Thirty Years War bring? | violence, famine, and disease; 15 to 30% of German pop perished |
| What ended the War in 1648? | the Peace of Westphalia, which meant each state controlled their own religious affairs. |
| What did the Peace of Westphalia end? | The Holy Roman Empire bc each city state could choose between Catholic or Protestant |
| Who won the Thirty Years War? | the Protestants |
| What motivated European imperial expansion and also benefitted from it? | Christianity |
| How did the Spanish and Portuguese view their movement overseas? | As a continuation of a long crusading tradition, which only recently had completed the liberation of their countries from Muslim control. |
| Catholic settlers and traders brought their religion with them and sought to do what? | replicate it in their newly conquered homelands. |
| Who spread the Christian message beyond European communities? | Catholic missionaries |
| Who were most prominent in the Americas? | Spanish and French missionaries |
| Who were most prominent in Asia and Africa? | Portuguese missionaries |
| How was Christianity spread in Russia? | through fur trappers in Siberia |
| What was 1 critical element for the missionaries success in Spanish America and in the Philippines? | Their efforts were strengthened by a European presence experienced as military conquest, colonial settlement, missionary activity, forced labor. social disruption, and disease. |
| What was a second factor? | the absence of a literate world religion in these to regions |
| Why were missionary efforts to spread Christianity so much less successful in China than in Spanish America? | China wasn't threatened by European missionaries or traders. In Spanish America there pop was defeated and their societies disrupted. |
| What did Europeans have to do in order to enter China? | get permission from Chinese authorities to operate in the country |
| Who tried to convert the Chinese to Christianity? | the Jesuits |
| What is Jesuits? | scholar missionaries sent globally and were usually found in China and Africa and followed the order of Jesus |
| What were some Africanized Christianity's that emerged in the New World? | Santeria and Vodou |
| Where did these Africanized Christianity's come from? | They derived from West African traditions and featured drumming, ritual dancing, animal sacrifice, and spirit possession. |
| How did the Europeans perceive these West African traditions? | as evidence of sorcery or witchcraft and attempted to suppress them. |
| What did the spread of Islam depend on? | Muslim holy men, Islamic scholars, and itinerant traders, none of whom posed a threat to local rulers. |
| What advantages did the spread of Islam have? | offered literacy in Arabic, established informal schools, protective charms containing passages from the Quran, local authority advisers, healers, intermarried with local people, new converts didn't have to give up older practices. |
| What did the Muslims offer? | a connection to the wider world of Islam |
| What did Islam become offensive to? | the more orthodox, or traditional, Muslims. |
| Who was Abd al-Wahib? | a young Muslim theologian |
| What did Abd al-Wahib argue? | that the declining fortunes of the Islamic world were the result of a gradual process of decay that had crept in over the centuries, as Muslims allowed themselves to be drawn away from the essentials of faith. |
| What did Abd al-Wahib reject? | the veneration of Sufi saints and their tombs, the adoration of natural sites, and even the respect paid to Muhammad's tomb at Mecca. |
| What did he believe? | all of this was a dilution of the absolute monotheism of authentic Islam. |
| Some Chinese Buddhists sought to make their religion more accessible to ordinary people, which bore some similarity to the thinking of whom? | Martin Luther, who argued that individuals could seek salvation by "faith alone" without the assistance of a priestly hierarchy. |
| The popular culture that emerged in the cities among the less well educated? | plays, paintings, short stories, and novels provided diversion and entertainment that were a step up from what could be found in teahouses and wine shops. |
| What did the Bhakti movement and its practices provide for women? | an avenue for social criticism |
| What did bhakti sought to achieve? | union with one or another of India's many deities through songs, prayers, dances, poetry, and rituals. |
| What did practitioners do? | set aside caste distinctions and disregarded rituals of Brahmin priests in favor of direct contact with the divine. |
| From what did Sikhism evolve? | it evolved from a peaceful religious movement, blending Hindu and Muslim elements, into a militant community. |
| Who were the men that created the Scientific Revolution? | Copernicus from Poland-Heliocentric Galileo from Italy-Heliocentric, Pope forced to recant Descartes from France-"I think therefore I am" (I am the only thing I know is real) Newton from England-Gravity |
| What was the long term significance of the Scientific Revolution? | It altered ideas about the place of humankind within the cosmos and sharply challenged both the teachings and the authority of the Church. |
| What were the long term significance of the Scientific Revolution when applied to the affairs of human society? | scientific ways of thinking challenged ancient social hierarchies and political systems and played a role in the revolutionary upheavals of the modern era. |
| Why did the Scientific revolution occur in Europe? | Europe's historical development and fragmented civs favored scientific enterprise, they had a legal system, didn't have to operate under the church. |
| How was Western Europe during the Scientific revolution? | they were in a position to draw extensively upon the knowledge of other cultures |
| What did the Europeans do in the 16th - 18th centuries? | Europeans engaged in the Columbian Exchange and found themselves at the center of a massive new exchange of info of lands, people, animals, societies, and religions around the world. |
| Islamic world during the Scientific rev... | Science was patronized by a variety of local authorities, but it occurred outside the formal system of higher education. |
| What was central in Islam? | Quranic studies and religious law; philosophy and natural science were viewed with great suspicions. |
| What was China like during the Scientific Rev? | Chinese education focused on preparing for a rigidly defined set of civil service exams and emphasized the humanistic and moral texts of classical Confucianism. |
| What were Chinese scientific subjects regulated to? | the margins of the Chinese educational systems |
| What was revolutionary about the Scientific rev to the medieval thinkers? | the earth was stationary and at the center of the universe and around it revcoincided with the religious purpose of theolved the sun, moon, and stars embedded in 10 spheres of transparent crystal. |
| What was Nicholas Copernicus' argument? | "at the middle of all things lies the sun" amd the earth, and other planets, revolved around it. The earth was no longer the center of God's attention. |
| What did Galileo Galilei develop? | an improved telescope, which observed sunspots and blemishes. The Question: The traditional notion that no change or imperfections marred the heavenly bodies. |
| What did Sir Isaac Newton formulate? | the modern laws of motion and mechanics. His central thinking was of universal gravitation. |
| What did Enlightenment thinkers share? | a belief in the power of knowledge to transform human society, a satirical, critical style, open mindedness, inquiry and various degrees of hostility to establish political and religious authority. |
| What did Darwin and Marx believe? | strongly in progress-the motors of progress were reason and education |
| Who was Sigmund Freud? | he applied scientific techs to the operation of the human mind and emotions and in doing so cast further doubt on Enlightenment conceptions of the human rationality. |
| What were the Chinese interested in? | European astronomy and mathematics bc those disciplines proved useful in predicting eclipses reforming the calendar, and making accurate maps of the empire. Chinese physicians didn't like European meds until after 19th century. |
| How was European science found in Japan? | after 1720 Japan lifted the ban on importing Western books. they read texts in meds, astronomy, geography, mathematics, science didn't come until mid nineteenth century. |
| How was European science found in the Ottoman Empire? | there elites saw no need for a wholesale embrace of things European. There was already a rich tradition of Muslim astronomy. |
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1213meganhouk
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