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World History Ch. 22
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Geocentric Theory | theory that earth was an immovable object in the center of the universe |
| Scientific Revolution | a major change in European thought in which the study of the natural world began to be characterized by careful observation and the questioning of accepted beliefs |
| Copernicus | a polish cleric and astronomer; became interested in an old Greek idea that the sun stood at the center of the universe, reasoned that the Earth and other planets revovled around the sun |
| Heliocentric Theory | the Earth and planets revolve around a relitivaley stationary Sun at the center of the Solar System ;did not fully explain why the planets orbited the way they did |
| Galileo | Italian scientist who built on the new theories about astromonmy |
| Starry Messenger | in this thigns were discovered such as: Jupiter had four moons and the sun had dark spots. and that Earth's moon had a rough, uneven surface |
| Scientific Method | Logical Procedure for gathering and testing ideas |
| Newton | considered the greatest, most influential scientists ever lived |
| Vesalius | proved Galeris assumptions wrong- dissected human corpses and published his observations |
| Jenner | used cowpox to produce the world's first vaccination- discovered that inocultation with germs from a cattle disease called cowpox gave permanent protection from smallpox for humans |
| Enlightenment | a new intellectual movement that stressed reason and thought and the power of individuals to solve problems |
| Hobbes | created a social contract theory |
| Social Contract Theory | 1.)Hobbes thought all humans were naturally selfish and evil. 2.) without government it is war and chaos 3.)rule has absolute power |
| John Locke | Three main rights were life, liberty, and property |
| Natural Rights | life liberty and property |
| Philosophes | a group of social thinkers in France during the Enlightenment |
| Voltaire | he made frequent targets of the clergy, aristocracy, and the government |
| Montesquieu | his ideas about separation of powers and checks and balances became the basis for the United Stated Constitution |
| Wollstonecraft | published an essay called A Vindication of the Rights of Women in 1792 |
| Enlightened Despots | monarchs that embraced new ideas and made reforms that reflected the enlightenment spirit |
| Frederick the Great | granted many religious freedoms, reduced censorship, improved education, reformed the justice system, and abolished the use of torture |
| Joseph II | introduced legal reforms and freedom of the press, supported freedom of worship, abolished selfdom |
| Catherine the Great | reformed Russia; allow religious toleration; reforms based on the ideas of Montesquieu & Beccaria; expanded into Poland |
| Navigation Act | trade law that prevented colonists from selling their most valuable products to any country except Britain |
| French and Indian War | In 1754, war erupted on the North American continent between the English and the French-until 1763 when Britain and her colonists emerged victorious- and seized nearly all French land in North America |
| Stamp Act | law which colonists had to pay a tax to have an offical stamp but on wills, deeds, newspapers, and other printed material |
| Boston Tea Party | A protest on import tax on tea, a group of colonists dumped a large load of British tea into Boston Harbor |
| April 19, 1775 | British soldiers and American militia-men exchanged gunfire on the village green in Lexington, Massachusetts |
| Revolutionary War | world war between Britain on one side and the United States |
| Second Contintental Congress | voted to raise an army and organize for battle under the command of a Virginian named George Washington |
| Declaration of Independence | statement of the reactions for the American colonies` break with Britian, approved by the Second Continental Congress in 1776. |
| Thomas Jefferson | wrote the Declaration of Independence |
| Articles of Confederation | established only one body of government, the Congress. Had no power to collect taxes or regualte trade |
| Constitutional Convention | to revise the Articles of Confederation |
| Checks and Balances | measures designed to prevent any one branch of government from dominating the others |
| Federal System | power was divided between national and state governments |
| Bill of Rights | protected basic rights such as freedom of speech, press, assembly , and religion |
Created by:
mhs2016
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