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Chapter Fifteen 15
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What were Columbus and da Gama searching for ? | sea routes to Indian Ocean |
| What items were Europe looking for? | tropical spices, Chinese silk, Indian cottons, rhubarb, emeralds, rubies, sapphires |
| How did Europe want to continue the Crusades? | by joining with the mysterious Christian monarch Prester John |
| Why couldn't the Portuguese trade? | bc they didn't have anything good to trade |
| What was Portugal's goal? | to control trade by force (cannon and good boats) |
| What was the outcome of Portugal's goal? | they never succeeded in controlling much more than half the Spice trade to Europe. |
| What happened to Portugal in 1600? | their trading post empire was in a steep decline. |
| What was the difference between the Spanish colonization of the Philippines and the Portuguese? | The Spanish converted Filipinos to Christianity |
| Who was the Philippines named after? | King Philip |
| What was Spain first to do? | to challenge Portugal's dominance in Asian trade |
| How long did Spain take full control? | until 1898 when US took control after the Spanish American War |
| What were the disadvantages of Spain? | missionaries made it the only Christian outpost in Asia, forced labor, taxes, tribute system was implemented, women lost ritual and healing roles. |
| How did Spain stop revolts by Chinese pop? | by using massacres |
| Who was Dutch and British East India companies chartered by? | their country's government |
| What did the Dutch and British EIC do to the people? | wage war and govern them |
| Who did they push out? | the Portuguese |
| Dutch=Indonesia English = | India |
| What did the Dutch act to control? | the shipping and the production of cloves, cinnamon, nutmeg, and mace. |
| How did the Dutch seize control of small spice producing islands? | with much bloodshed |
| What did the Dutch do on the Banda Islands? | they killed, enslaved, or left to starve virtually the entire pop. |
| Who did the Dutch replace the Banda pop with? | Dutch planters, using a slave labor force to produce the nutmeg crop |
| What happened to the local economy? | the Dutch shattered the Spice Islands and the people there were impoverished. |
| What did the British establish? | 3 major trading settlements in India during the 17th century: Bombay, Calcutta, Madras |
| How did the British secure their trading bases ? | with the permission of Mughal authorities or local rulers. |
| What did British traders focus on? | Indian cotton textiles, hundreds of villages in the interior of southern India became specialized producers for the British market |
| How was Japan divided? | by conflict among the daimyos (rich families) |
| What did Japan see Europe as? | a threat to a recent unity brought by Tokugawa Shogunate |
| What did the Japanese do to Christianity? | expelled missionaries, suppressed the practice, which included the execution, often under torture of some 62 missionaries and thousands of Japanese converts |
| What did the authorities forbade the Japanese from doing? | traveling abroad and banned most European traders, permitting only the Dutch |
| Why was the silver trade so historically important? | it was the first commodity to be exchanged on a global scale sustaining a direct link between the Americas and Asia, and it initiated a web of Pacific commerce that grew steadily over the centuries |
| How much silver was found in Bolivia? | 85% of worlds total |
| In China how did you pay taxes? | in silver |
| What did this lead to? | foreigners buying more Chinese stuff for lower prices |
| What is the silver drain? | most of the worlds silver ended up in China bc they only took silver as a payment and rarely bought things from foreigners with silver |
| What caused Spain's empire to fall? | they had an abundance silver and when the price of silver dropped worldwide their empire fell. |
| What type of conditions did the Native Americans work in Potosi mines? | they were horrendous, it was known as a portrait of hell. |
| When men were drafted to the mines what did some families do? | held funeral services |
| During the 16th century who Spain? | Europe |
| How did the discovery of silver mines in South America affect Spain? | Spanish rulers could now pursue military and political ambitions in both Europe and the Americas far beyond the country's own resource base. |
| Why did the shoguns ally with the merchants? | to develop a market based economy and to invest heavily in ag and industrial enterprises. |
| What did local and state authorities act to protect and renew? | forests that the silver mine had destroyed |
| What did families start to practice? | late marriages, contraception, abortion, and infanticide |
| What was the outcome of the silver global economy in Japan? | the dramatic slowing of Japan's population growth, the easing of an impending ecological crisis, and a flourishing, highly centralized economy. |
| How did people in China obtain silver in order to pay taxes? | people had to sell something- either labor or their products |
| In what ways did China's economy become more specialized? | areas that devoted themselves to growing mulberry trees, on which silkworms fed, had to buy their rice from other regions. |
| What did the surging silver economy do to China? | it resulted in the loss of about half the area's forest cover as more and more and was devoted to cash crops. |
| What may have increased the demand of furs in the early modern era? | a period of cooling temperatures and harsh winters known as the Little Ice Age |
| What kind of benefits did the fur trade bring to North America? | the trading of pelts for good value |
| What did the fur trade enhance for some Native American leaders? | influence and authority |
| Who did the fur trade protect? | the Native Americans that were involved in the fur trade |
| What did other Native Americans that weren't in the fur trade have to face? | extermination, enslavement or displacement |
| What did the fur trade expose Native Americans to? | disease and generated warfare |
| What did the fur trade wipeout? | many animal species from over hunting |
| what was the negative side to the Native Americans becoming dependent on Europe? | without a corresponding ability to manufacture the goods themselves, lost traditional craft making |
| What did the fur trade bring to the Native Americans? | alcohol which came with destructive affects |
| What were the North American fur trades? | several European nations competed in North America and generally obtained their furs through commercial negotiations with Indian societies. |
| What were the Siberian Fur trades? | Russian authorities imposed a tax or tribute, payable in furs, on every able bodied Siberian male between 18 and 50. |
| How did Russia enforce their payments? | they took hostages from Siberian societies with death as possible outcome if they weren't giving them furs. |
| How did Russia get their furs? | from private hunters and trappers, who competed with their Siberian counterparts. |
| What were North America and Siberian fur trades both driven by? | the demands of the world market |
| What did Native Americans and Siberians both suffer from? | new diseases and they became dependent on the goods for which they traded furs. |
| What kind of slaves did the Islam's prefer? | conquered females |
| What were the duties of the Islamic slaves? | military or political status, owner's households, farms, or shops, some smaller in ag or industrial enterprises. |
| The Atlantic Slave Trade (1450-1850) | 11 million people moved from Africa to America Millions more died Changed everyone involved African diaspora created new societies in Americas Made many people rich Becomes a metaphor or social oppression |
| How long have Africans practiced slavery? | for centuries |
| Where did trans Saharan trade take slaves? | to the Med. world |
| What were slaves often assimilated with? | their owners households |
| Children of slaves were sometimes free and sometimes... | slaves |
| What was distinctive about the Atlantic slave trade in the Americas? | the immense size of the traffic in slaves and its centrality to the economies of colonial Americas |
| What was New World slavery largely based on? | plantation agriculture |
| How were slaves treated? | as dehumanized property, lacking any rights in the society of their owners. |
| How was slave status inherited? | across generations |
| How distinctive was the racial dimension? | slavery came to be identified wholly with African and with blackness. |
| What caused the Atlantic slave trade to grow? | the demand for sugar that were difficult to work. |
| Why was slavery a source of labor? | bc they worked for free |
| Why was there an absence of wage workers on the sugar plantations? | the work was to difficult and dangerous, and they didn't pay |
| What is the first modern industry? | Sugar production |
| What was the major capital of the Atlantic Slave trade? | money, investment, technology, skilled workers, and world market. |
| Since the work was dangerous who was it ideal for? | the slaves |
| Where did slaves first come from? | Slavs from Black Sea for Med. sugar plantations, then came West Africans |
| Why did Africa become the primary source of slave labor for plantation economies of the Americas? | Slavic slaves were no longer available. Native Americans perished from European diseases. Europeans who were Christians were exempted from slavery, indentured servants were expensive and temporary. |
| What was good about Slaves? | skilled farmers, immunity to tropical and European diseases, weren't Christians, close at hand, readily available in substantial numbers |
| What did Europeans demand for trade? | slaves |
| Whose hands was the enter enterprise in? | the Europeans, from the point of sale on the African coast to the American plantations |
| How did Europeans get slaves? | exploiting to obtain them at the lowest price possible, guns they exchanged for slaves which increased warfare |
| When was slave trade in the Africans hands? | from the point of initial capture to the sale on the coast. Africans who were slaves were also incorporated |
| What did African merchants and elites do? | secured slaves and brought them to the coast for sale to Europeans waiting on ships or in fortified settlements. |
| What regions in the Americas had the largest destination of slaves in the 18th century? | Caribbean and Brazil 90% of all slaves were put here |
| Who were enslaved? | people from West Africa (present day Mauritania to Angola), prisoners of war, debtors, criminals) |
| How did the slave trade affect the African societies? | it slowed African pop., little positive economic change, political disruption |
| What 3 African societies slowly disintegrated bc of the slave trade? | Kongo and Oyo |
| What did Benin and Dahomey do? | they took advantage of the new commercial opportunities to manage the slave trade in their own interests. |
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1213meganhouk
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