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Chapter 15
Unit 4 - Commerce
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What was the major trade in Unit 4? | Slaves |
| What other commerce was there in Unit 4? | Indian Ocean spice trade, Fur trapping and trading, and Silver in the Americas |
| What was the silver in the Americas traded for? | Stuff in the east |
| Where was the spice trade at? | The Indian Ocean |
| What were both Columbus and da Gama looking for? | Sea routes to the Indian Ocean |
| What goods were in great demand that motivated European involvement in the world of Asia commerce? | Tropical spices, Chinese silk, Indian cottons, rhubarb, emeralds, rubies, and sapphires |
| What was rhubarb used for? | Medicinal purposes |
| What followed the Black Death in the early 14th century that motivated European involvement in the world of Asian commerce? | The general recovery of European civilization |
| What did the Europeans resent, that led them to involvement in Asian commerce? | The Muslim monoply of the flow of Indian Ocean products to Europe, and also Venice's role as intermediary in the trade. |
| How did Europeans want to continue the Crusades? | By joining with the mysterious Christian monarch Prester John |
| What did the Europeans have a need for and what were they going to use it to pay for? | A need for gold and silver to pay for Asian spices and textiles |
| What couldn't the Portuguese do and why? | They couldn't trade because they didn't have anything good to trade |
| What was the Portuguese's goal? | To control trade by force |
| What were the Portuguese going to use to control trade? | Cannons and boats |
| What did the Portuguese never succeed in doing? | Controlling much more than half the spice trade to Europe |
| What happened to the Portuguese trading empire by 1600? | It was in steep decline |
| What did the Portuguese gradually blend into? | The local populations of their strongholds in the Indian Ocean basin |
| What was one main difference between the Spanish colonization of the Phillippines and the Portuguese? | The Spanish converted the Fillipinos to Christianity |
| Who is the Phillippines named after? | King Phillip |
| What was Spain the first to do? | Challenge Portugal's dominance in Asian trade |
| What did Spain manage to do to Portugal's trading post empire? | Took full control of it |
| What did missionaries make the Phillippines? | The only major Christian outpost in Asia |
| What was implemented when Spain took over the Pillippines? | Forced labor, taxes, and a tribute system |
| What did women lose in the Phillippines? | Ritual and healing roles |
| How were revolts by Chinese people in the Phillippines stopped? | By using massacre |
| Who was the Dutch and British East India Companies chartered by? | Their country's government |
| What could the Dutch and British East Indian companies do in addition to making money off of people? | Wage wars and govern them |
| Who did both the Dutch and British East India company push out? | The Portuguese |
| Where is the Dutch? | Indonesia |
| Where is the British East India company? | India |
| How did the Dutch act to control? | They not only shipped, but also produced cloves, cinnamon, nutmeg, and mace. |
| With much bloodshed, the Dutch...? What did this cause? | Seized control of a number of small spice-producing islands, forcing their people to sell only to the Dutch |
| What did the Dutch do on the Banda islands? | Killed, enslaved, or left to starve virtually the entire population, and then replaced them with Dutch planters |
| What did the Dutch use slave labor for? | Producing nutmeg |
| What did Dutch policies do to the Spice Islands? | Shatter their economy and impoverished their people |
| What did the British establish in India during the 17th century? | Three major trading settlements : Bombay, Calcutta, and Madras |
| How did the British secure their trading bases? | With permission of Mughal authorities or local rulers |
| What did British traders focus on? | Indian cotton textiles |
| What did hundreds of villages in the interior of southern India become? | Specialized producers for the British market |
| What was Japan divided by? | Conflict among the daimyos |
| What are daimyos? | Rich families |
| What did Japan see the Eurpeans as? | A threat to a recent unity brought by Tokugawa Shogunate |
| What did Japan expell and suppress? | Expelled Christian missionaries and suppressed the practice of Christianity |
| What did Japan's new policy towards Christianity include? | The execution, often under torture, of some sixty-two missionaries and thousands of Japanese converts |
| What did Japanese authorities forbid? What did they ban? | Japanese from traveling abroad, banned most European traders |
| Who were the only people that Japan permitted into their country and why? | The Dutch because they weren't interested in spreading Christianity |
| What did Japan become closed to from 1650 until 1850? | Europeans |
| Why was the silver trade so historically important? | Silver was the first commodity to be exchanged on a global scale sustaining a direct link between the Americas and Asia |
| What did the silver trade initiate? | A web of Pacific commerce that grew steadily over the centuries |
| Where was a huge deposit of silver found? How much was it? | Bolivia, 85% of the world's toal silver |
| What did China do that involved silver? What did this cause? | They made taxes only payable in silver, which brought the value of it up |
| What did the silver trade lead foreigners to do? | Buy more Chinese stuff for lower prices |
| Where did most of the world's silver end up and why? | China because they only took silver as payment and rarely bought things from foreigners using silver |
| What did Spain's abundance of silver cause? | Inflation in Spain and the empire to fall when the price of silver dropped worldwide. |
| Where was the world's largest silver mine? | Potosi |
| What happened when Native Americans were drafted to work in the mines in Potosi? | Conditions were so horrendous in the mines that some famililes held funeral services for those who were drafted. |
| What was Potosi described as? | A portrait of hell |
| How did the discovery of the vast silver mines in South America affect Spain's position in Europe? | Spain was the envy of its European rivals during the 16th century |
| What could Spanish rulers do when the vast silver mines were discovered in South America? | Pursue military and political ambitions in both Europe and the Americas far beyond the country's own resource base |
| Who was Spain the envy of during the 16th century when vast silver mines were discovered in South America? | Their European rivals |
| What did economic changes from the global silver economy result in for China, but not for Japan? | Ecological devastation |
| Who did the shoguns in Japan ally with? | The merchant class |
| Why did the shoguns in Japan ally with the merchant class? | To develop a market-based economy and to invest heavily in agricultural and industrial enterprises |
| What did local and state authorities in Japan act to do? | Protect and renew forests |
| What did families in Japan begin practicing? | Late marriages, contraception, abortion, and infanticide |
| What was the outcome of Japan's response to the global silver economy? | Their was a dramatic slowing of Japan's population growth, the easing of an impending ecological crisis, and a flourishing, highle commercialized economy. |
| What did people in China have to do to obtain silver they needed to pay their taxes? | Sell something, either their labor or actual products |
| In China, what did areas that grew mulberry trees have to do? | Buy their rice from other regions |
| What did the Chinese economy become during the global silver economy? | More regionally specialized |
| In southern China, what did the surging economic growth of the silver mines result in? | The loss of about half the area's forest cover as more and more land was devoted to cash crops |
| What may have increased the demand for furs in the early modern era? | A period of cooling temperatures known as the Little Ice Age |
| What benefit did the fur trade bring to North American Native American societies? | The trade of pelts for goods of real value |
| What did the fur trade enhance for North American Native American? | Influence and authority for some Native American leaders |
| What did the fur trade ensure the protection of the Native Americans from? | The kind of extermination, enslavement, or displacement that was the fate of some native peoples elsewhere in the Americas |
| What did the fur trade expose Native Americans to? | European diseases |
| What did the fur trade generate that was negative for the Native Americans? | Warfare |
| What happened to many animal species as a result of the fur trade? | They were almost wiped out |
| What did the fur trade leave Native Americans dependent on? Why was this a bad thing? | European goods such as guns, tools, pots, and textiles, and it was without a corresponding ability to manufacture the goods themselves |
| What did the Native Americans lose as the result of the fur trade? | Traditional craft making |
| What did the fur trade bring into Native American societies? Why was this bad? | Alcohol, which often had destructive effects |
| How was competition different in the North American and Siberian fur trades? | Several European nations competed in North America. No such competition accompanied Russian expansion across Siberia. |
| Where did the European nations in North America generally obtain their furs? | Through commercial negotiations with Native American societies |
| In Siberian fur trades, what did Russian authorities impose and on whom? | A tax or tribute payable in furs on every able-bodied male between 18 and 50 years of age. |
| How did Russian authorities in Siberian fur trades enforce payment for their tax/tribute? | They took hostages from Siberian societies with death as a possible outcome if the payment was not made. |
| In Siberian fur trades, who had a large-scale presence and what did they do? | Private Russian hunters and trappers, who competed directly with their Siberian counterparts |
| In both the North American and Siberian fur trades, what was trade driven by? | The demands of the world market |
| What did both Native Americans and Siberians in the fur trade suffer from? What did they become dependent on? | They suffered from new diseases and became dependent on the goods for which they traded furs |
| What sex was preferred for slaves in the Islamic world? | Female |
| What were some slaves able to acquire in the Islamic world? | Prominent military or political status |
| Where did most slaves in the pre-modern world work? | Their owners' households, farms, or shops |
| Where did smaller numbers of slaves in the pre-modern world labor in? | Large-scale agricultural or industrial enterprise |
| What happened in the Atlantic slave trade from 1450-1850? | 11 million people were moved from Africa to the Americas |
| What happened to millions in the Atlantic slave trade? | They died |
| Who in the Atlantic slave trade was changed by it? | Everyone involved |
| What did the African diaspora create? | New societies |
| What did the Atlantic slave trade make many people? | Rich |
| What did the Atlantic slave trade become? | A metaphor or social oppression |
| What have most human societies had? | Slaves |
| What had Africans done for centuries? | Practiced slavery and sold slaves |
| What did the trans-Saharan trade do in the slave world? | Took slaves to the Mediterranean world |
| What did the form of slavery in the East African slave trade depend? | The region and time period |
| What were slaves often assimilated into in the East African slaves trade? | Their owner's households |
| What happened to children of slaves in the East African slave trade? | Some were born free, others were still slaves |
| What was distinctive about the Atlantic slave trade in the Americas? | Its immense size in the traffic of slaves and its centrality to the economies of colonial America |
| What was New World slavery largely based on? | Plantation agriculture |
| How did New World slavery treat slaves? | As a form of dehumanized property, lacking any rights in the society of their owners |
| How was slave status inherited throughout the Americas? | Across generations, with little hope of eventual freedom for the vast majority |
| What was most distinctive about the Atlantic slave trade in the Americas? | The racial dimension - slavery came to be identified whooly with Africa and blackness |
| What caused the Atlantic slave trade to grow? | The demand for sugar as a sweetener to replace homey and fruits |
| What did sugar plantations and sugar production require? | Huge capital investment, substantial technology, and huge amnouts of labor to do the difficult work. |
| Why was there a general absence of wage workers to work on sugar plantations? | Thre were limitations to serf labor and there was an immense difficulty and danger associated with the work |
| Who was the source of labor for sugar plantations? | Slavery |
| What was the first modern industry? | Sugar production |
| Who were the first slaves? | Slavs from the Black Sea for Mediterranean sugar plantations |
| Where did slaves come from after the Slavs? | West Africa |
| Where was the primary source of slave labor for planation economies of the Americas? | Africa |
| What happened to the supply of Slavic slaves? | It was cut-off and no longer available |
| What happened to the Native Americans? | They quickly perished from disease |
| Why couldn't Europeans be slaves? | They were Christians and therefore supposedly exempt from slavery |
| Why didn't people use indentured servants instead of slaves? | They were expensive and temporary |
| Why did Africa become the primary source of slave labor for plantation economies of the Americas? | Africans were skilled farmers, had some immunity to European diseases, weren't Christian, close at hand, and were readily available in substantial numbers through African-operated commercial networks |
| What did Europeans demand slaves for? | Trade |
| What was in European hands? | The entire enterprise of Atlantic slave trade, from the point of sale on the African cost to the American plantations |
| What did Europeans try to exploit and why? | Rivalries to obtain slaves at the lowest possible cost |
| What might the guns exchanged for slaves have done? | Increased the warfare from which so many slaves were derived |
| When was the slave trade in African hands? | From the point of initial capture to sale on the coast |
| What ddi African merchants and elites do? | Secured slaves and brought them to the coast for sale to Europeans waiting on ships or in fortified settlements |
| Who also played an unwilling and tragic role in the slave trade? | The Africans who were transported as slaves |
| What regions in the Americas had the largest destination of slaves in thee 18th century? | The Caribbean and Brazil |
| Where is West Africa? | Present-day Mauritania to Angola |
| Who was enslaved? | People from West Africa, most of them from marginal groups such as prisoners of war, debtors and criminals |
| What did Africans generally not do? | Sell their own people |
| What did the Atlantic slave trade slow in Africa? | Their population growth at a time when the populations of Europe, China, and other regions were expanding |
| What did the slave trade stimulate and lead to in Africa? | Stimulated little positive economic change in Africa and led to economic stagnation |
| What did the slave trade it Africa lead to politically? Who was this particularlt for? | Political disruption, particularly for small-scale societites with little central authority |
| What happened to some of the larger kingdoms like Kongo and Oyo in the Africa? | They also slowly disintegrated because of the slave trade |
| What did African authorites do in Benin and Dahomey and why? | Sought to take advantage of the new commercial oppotunities to manage the slave trade in their own interests |
| Did Britain get the vast majority of their furs from North America? | Yes |
| Did France get the vast majority of their furs from North America? | Yes |
| Did Russia get the vast majority of their furs from North America? | No |
| Did Holland get the vast majority of their furs from North America? | Yes |
| Why did Russia not get its furs from North America? | They had their own supply of fur-bearing animals in the forests of Siberia and for the most part did not need to trap or hunt in North America |
| Where was the major gateway for precious goods from Asia into Europe until the Portuguese exploration? | Muslim Egypt |
| What was Muslim Egypt? | The major gateway for precious goods from Asia into Europe until the Protuguese exploration |
| What was Muslim Egypt the major gateway for? | Precious goods from Asia into Europe |
| In Muslim Egypt, where were it's precious goods from? | Asia and Europe? |
| Until what was Muslim Egypt the major gateway for precious goods from Asia and Europe? | Portuguese exploration |
| What was Japanese society and government when European traders and missionaries first arrived in Japan? | Fragmented |
| What was fragmented in Japan when European traders and missionaries first arrived? | Their society and government |
| Japanese society and government was fragmented when who first arrived? | European traders and missionaries |
| What kinds of Europeans first arrived in Japan while its society and government was fragmented? | Traders and missionaries |
| Japanese society and government was fragmented when European traders and missionaries...? | first arrived |
| What were the mourning wars? | Attempts by Native Americans to capture new people to restore what they had lost to European diseases |
| What did the Native Americans attempt to capture in the mourning wars? | New people |
| Why did Native Americans attempt to capture new people in the mourning wars? | To restore what they had lost to European diseases |
| What group of people participated in the mourning wars? | Native Americans |
| What was the attempt by Native Americans to capture new people to restore what they had lost to European diseases? | The mourning wars |
| Some historians argue that racist notions about the inferiority of black-skinned Africans were transmitted to Christian Europeans from...? | Muslims |
| What did Muslims do in terms of racism? | Transmitted the racist notion about the inferiority of black-skinned Africans to Christians |
| Who did the Muslims transmit the racist notion about the inferiority of black-skinned Africans to? | Christian Europeans |
| What group did the Muslims transmit racist notions about? | Black-skinned Africans |
| What about black-skinned Africans did Muslims transmit to Christian Europeans? | Their inferiority |
| What kingdom was an example of a West African state that mostly resisted involvement in the African slave trade? | Benin |
| What was the West African kingdom Benin an example of? | A state that mostly resisted involvement in the African slave trade |
| What did Benin mostly resist? | Involvement in the African slave trade |
| Where is Benin? | West Africa |
| What did Benin do towards the African slave trade? | Resisted involvement in it |
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