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APWH Chapter 14
Chapter 14 APWH
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is 14 unit about? | globalization, modern societies, European dominance in world affairs |
| Silver from the new world was traded into? | Asian markets |
| What religion returns to dominance as a true world religion? | Christianity |
| There was a great expansion of? | Russia, China, and Ottoman Empire |
| Globalization was by what country? | Europe |
| Who brought Hindus and Muslims together? | Mughal |
| What Empire became a rebirth of the older Muslim Empire? | Ottoman Empire |
| _____ China doubled in Chapter 14? | Qing |
| Why was maritime expansion needed? | Because the conquered territories lay an ocean away from the imperial heartland, rather than adjacent to it |
| What countries were on the Atlantic rim of Europe? | Portugal, Spain, Britain, and France |
| What did people on the Atlantic rim of Europe understand more about? | winds and currents much different from monsoon winds in the Indian ocean |
| Why did Europeans explore, three reasons? | God, glory, and gold |
| Why was God one of the reasons the Europeans explored? | They needed to convert |
| Why did the Europeans explore for glory? | They felt the need to be famous |
| What gave Europeans an advantage over natives? | Advanced seafaring technology, horses |
| Where did Spaniards explore? | In Caribbean, then on to Aztec and Inca empires |
| Where did Portuguese explore? | Brazil |
| Where did British, French, and Dutch explore? | colonies in North America |
| By what time did the Europeans control most of the Americas? | mid 19th century |
| Why did European merchant class seek direct access to Asian wealth? | The merchant class wanted to avoid the reliance on Muslim middlemen that they found so distasteful. |
| Pre- Columbian Western Hemisphere had a population of? | 60 million to 80 million |
| Natives had no immunity to what? | Old World diseases |
| Who brought European and African diseases? | Europeans |
| Mortality rate of up to 90 percent among who? | Native American population |
| During the Great Dying Native American population nearly vanished, where at? | The Caribbean |
| In Central Mexico population done what? | Dropped from 10 million to 20 million to around 1 million by 1650 |
| As pop sharply diminished in Americas, what did the "Great Dying" create? | Created an acute labor shortage, made room for immigrant newcomers |
| immigrant newcomers consisted of who? | colonizers and enslaved Africans |
| The silver mines in Mexico and Peru allowed the Spanish conquerors and other Europeans to buy massive amounts of what highly valuable commodities? | Chinese tea, silk, and porcelain |
| What was the Columbian Exchange? | enormous network of communication, migration, trade, the spread of disease, and the transfer of plants and animals between the Old and New Worlds |
| The Columbian Exchange was an interacting Atlantic World connecting how many continents? | four |
| What things was transferred from the Old World to the New World? | horses, disease, and African slaves |
| What things was transferred from the New World to the Old World? | tobacco, corn, potatoes, tomatoes |
| Explain the theory of mercantilism? | This view held that European countries economic interests were best served by encouraging exports and accumulating silver and gold which represented prosperity. |
| Colonies in the New World provided their mother countries with what? | great quantities of bullion (gold and silver bars). |
| What three kinds of economy were established by the new colonial societies among Native American cultures? | Settler-dominated agriculture, slave-based plantations, ranching or mining |
| What was the economic foundation of colonial rule in Mexico and Peru? | commercial agriculture; silver and gold mining |
| Who provided the labor in Mexico and Peru? | forced labor and wage labor by native peoples |
| What does indigenous people mean? | People who where there in the first place |
| How did the economic base in Mexico and Peru, shape the kinds of societies that arose there? | A distinctive social order grew up |
| The distinctive social order that grew in Mexico and Peru replicated who? | The Spanish hierarchy while accommodating the racially and culturally different Indians and Africans, as well as growing numbers |
| How did the economic base in Mexico and Peru, shape the kinds of societies that arose there? | A distinctive social order grew up |
| The distinctive social order that grew in Mexico and Peru replicated who? | The Spanish hierarchy while accommodating the racially and culturally different Indians and Africans, as well as growing numbers of racially mixed people |
| The society of Mexico and Peru was dominated by? | Europeans |
| Who were the peninsulares? | Spanish born peoples |
| Who were the creoles? | Spaniards born in the Americas |
| Who were the Mestizos? | Mixed race populations(Product of unions between Spanish men and Indian women) |
| Who were the Mulattoes? | the product of Portuguese-African unions |
| Who were the Indians? | Indigenous peoples |
| When confronted with Catholicism, Native Americans'religious beliefs in Mesoamerica and Peru, the Christian saints blended easily with? | Specialized indigenous gods, while belief in magic, folk medicine, and communion with the dead remained strong |
| Many of the Native Americans, when confronted with Catholicism, gravitated toward what? | Toward the world of their conqueror, learned Spanish, and converted to Christianity |
| What was produced in Brazil and the Caribbean? | sugar |
| In the colonies where sugar was produced, it was very hard labor, and it was called? | first modern industry |
| Why did the people in the sugar colonies, have to bring Africans slaves over? | Natives were killed by disease, or fled |
| Sugar colonies and slavery was mainly run by? | British, French, and Portuguese |
| The slave based system in the sugar colonies was based on? | southern US model |
| There was more racial mixing in South and Central America, why? | Because British women came along with their husbands instead of young men traveling for adventure and wealth |
| Because the British were the last of the European powers to establish a colonial presence in the Americas, they found, what? | only the dregs were left |
| Whose land was regarded as the unpromising leftovers of the New World? | British |
| British, unlike Spanish and Portuguese, were coming over to the Americas for what? | Permanent settlements to get away from homeland oppression |
| Who came over to the Americas for short-term exploitations to make them rich? | Spain and Portugal |
| Who brought their families and did not mix with slaves and natives? | British |
| Spain and Portugal didn't bring over their families to the Americas like the British, but instead? | Were young single men looking to mingle |
| Why did the British have higher literacy rates than the Spanish/Portuguese colonies? | Protestant empire had a great emphasis on reading the Bible for oneself, which led to a greater mass literacy rate in Latin America, whereas the Catholic Church was more focused on converting natives to Christianity |
| Britain didn't impose an elaborate bureaucracy like? | Spain |
| In what century was the British civil war? | 17th century |
| What distracted the government from involvement in the colonies? | The British civil war |
| A small Russian state centered where, began to emerge ca.? | Moscow, 1500 |
| Over three centuries after Moscow conquered many cities, what happened? | Grew into a massive empire |
| Russian early expansion into the grasslands to south and east was for? | security against nomads expansion into Siberia, was a matter of opportunity, not threat |
| What is Russification? | Russians are well known for assimilating conquered people |
| who had to take and oath of loyalty to the Russian ruler? | Conquered people |
| Russians placed intermittent pressure on conquered people, to do what? | convert to Christianity |
| In the Russian Empire, devastating epidemics done what? | Killed large populations |
| In the Russian Empire there was a loss of hunting grounds and pasturelands for the nomads because of who and what did it do? | Because of the Russian agricultural settlers, disrupted the local economy and left local populations dependent on Russian markets |
| Who were the Cossacks? | bands of fiercely independent warriors consisting of peasants who had escaped serfdom as well as criminals and other adventurers |
| What did the Cossacks help do? | Helped expand Russia into Siberia |
| In the Russia empire the people they conquered were, opposed to Europeans colonizing in the Americas? | neighbors that they had interacted with before |
| Through conquest, settlement, exploitation, religious conversion, and feelings of superiority, Russians recognized and distinguished themselves among who? | Their conquered and incorporated peoples |
| Chinese vastly enlarged their? | Territorial size of their country |
| The Chinese incorporated what kinds of people into their country? | non-Chinese |
| The Chinese had a conquest to the north and west, which was for how long? | 80 years |
| What provided security for the huge Chinese region? | A great military |
| Conquered regions were ruled separately from the rest of China through a new office called? | the Court of Colonial Affairs |
| The Chinese made active use, like other colonial powers, of? | notables |
| Who didn't assimilate local people into Chinese culture? | Chinese and Qing officials |
| Chinese and Qing officials showed considerable respect for? | the Mongolian, Tibetan, and Muslim cultures of the region |
| Chinese conquests, together with the expansion of the Russian Empire, done what? | transformed Central Asia |
| Eurasia, before Russian and Chinese rule had been the cosmopolitan crossroads, hosting what trade network? | The Silk Roads |
| Eurasia before Russian and Chinese rule, welcomed what religions? | All of the major world religions |
| Eurasia before Russian and Chinese rule, generated an enduring encounter with? | between the nomads of the stepped and farmers of settled agricultural regions |
| After Chinese and Russian rule, Eurasia land based commerce took a back seat to? | oceanic trade |
| After Chinese and Roman rule, Nomads no longer were able to herd their animals freely so they done what? | They fled to urban areas were many were reduced to begging |
| Akbar realized Hindus made up majority of pop of Mughal Empire so what did he do? | Let them keep their faith |
| Aurangzeb forbade what? | Hindu practice of sat, banned music and dance at the court, as well as gambling, drinking prostitution, and narcotics |
| What was the century long conflict between the Ottoman and the Safavids? | Sunni vs Shia |
| In 1453, Constantinople fell to who? | Muslim Turks |
| Muslim Turks renamed Constantinople, what? | Istanbul |
| How were taxes under the Ottoman rule? | Lighter and oppression was less pronounced |
| In the Ottoman empire, Christian communities were granted what? | considerable autonomy in regulating their internal social, religious, educational, and charitable affairs |
| Some Christians became part of the Ottoman _____, without converting to Muslim. | elite |
| Balkan Christian communities were required to do what? | hand over a quota of young boys who were then removed from their families |
| After the boys in the Balkan communities where taken away what did they have to do? | required to learn Turkish, usually converted to Islam, and trained for the civil administration or military service in elite Janissary units |
| What is Jizya? | special tax levied on non Muslims in Islamic states |
| What does sati mean? | the act if an Indian widow following her husband to death by throwing herself upon the ashes |
| What is devshirme? | The tribute of coy children that the Ottoman Turks levied from their Christian subjects in the Balkans |
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1213brookisaacs
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