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Ch. 14 AP World
Oh no you didn't!
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What era is 1450-1750? | the Early Modern Era |
| 3 major concepts of this unit? | globalization, modern societies, European dominance in world affairs |
| Who had major globalization in the Early Modern Era? | Europe |
| What came from the New World and was traded into Asian markets? | silver |
| Christianity returns to ______ as a true world religion. | dominance |
| Great expansion of? | Russia, China, and the Ottoman Empire |
| Why could this period also be called the Late Agrarian Era? | Africa and Asia were still agriculture and change was less visible there |
| European Empires expand greatly? | Russian empire began and grew, Qing China doubled, Mughal brought Hindus and Muslims together, Ottoman Empire became rebirth of the older Muslim empire |
| Maritime expansion was needed in the early Western European Empires because? | the conquered territories lay an ocean away from the imperial heartland, rather than adjacent to it |
| Who were closer to the Americas than any possible Asian competitors? | Countries on the Atlantic rim of Europe |
| What countries were on the Atlantic rim of Europe? | Portugal, Spain, Britain, and France |
| What gave Western Europe Empires an edge in exploring the Americas? | they understood winds and currents much different from monsoon winds in the Indian Ocean |
| What were the 3 G's of why Europeans expanded? | God (need to convert), Glory (need to be famous), Gold (make tons of money) |
| Another reason why Europe expanded was because rivalries with other countries led to? And what did they have? | the need to grow, advanced seafaring knowledge and horses that gave them an advantage over the natives |
| Where did the Spaniards explore? | Caribbean, then on to Aztec and Inca empires |
| Where did the Portuguese explore? | Brazil |
| Where did the British, French, and Dutch explore? | North America |
| Why did the European merchant class seek direct access to Asian wealth? | They wanted to avoid the reliance on the Muslim middlemen that they found so distasteful |
| Population of pre-Columbian Western Hemisphere? | perhaps 60-80 million |
| The natives of the New World had no immunity to what? | Old World diseases |
| Europeans brought diseases from where? | Europe and Africa |
| What was the mortality rate up to among the Native American populations? | 90% |
| Native population nearly vanish in the? | Caribbean |
| In Central Mexico the population dropped from 10-20 million to? | 1 million |
| Similar mortality in? | North America |
| As population diminished in the Americas, what did the "great dying" create? | acute labor shortage and made room for immigrant newcomers (colonizers and enslaved Africans), gave reason for colonizers ti use African slaves |
| What was another reason colonizers used African slaves? | the natives escaped |
| The sliver mines in Mexico and Peru allowed the Spanish conquerors and other Europeans ti buy massive amounts of what highly valuable commodities? | Chinese tea, silk, and porcelain |
| What was the Columbian Exchange? | enormous network of communication, migration, trade, spread of diseases, and the transfer of plants and animals between the Old and New worlds |
| The Columbian Exchange was an ______ ______ ______ connecting ____ continents. | interacting Atlantic world, four |
| From Old World to New World? | horses, diseases, African slaves |
| From New World to Old World? | tobacco, corn, potatoes, tomatoes |
| Theory of mercantilism? | the view that European countries' economic interests were best served bi encouraging exports and accumulating silver and gold which represented prosperity |
| Colonies provided their mother countries with great quantities of? | bullion (gold and silver bars) |
| What three kinds of economy were established by the new colonial societies among Native American cultures? | settler-dominated agriculture, slave-based plantations, and ranching or mining |
| What was the economic foundation of colonial rule in Mexico and Peru? | commercial agriculture and silver and gold mining |
| Who provided the labor in Mexico and Peru? | forced labor and wage labor by native peoples (indigenous populations) |
| A distinctive social order grew up in Mexico and Peru replicating? | Spanish hierarchy |
| A distinctive social order grew up in Mexico and Peru accommodating? | the racially and culturally different Indians and Africans, as well as growing numbers of racially mixed people |
| The society in Mexico and Peru was dominated by? | Europeans |
| Social hierarchy in Mexico and Peru? | Peninsulares (Spanish born peoples), Creoles (Spaniards born in the Americas), Mestizo (mixed race populations), Mulattoes (product of Portuguese-African unions), Indians (indigenous peoples) |
| What were the Mestizo a product of? | unions between Spanish men and Indian women |
| What happened to the Native Americans' religions beliefs in Mesoamerica and Peru when confronted with Catholicism? | Christian saints in blended easily with specialized indigenous gods, while belief in magic, folk medicine, and communion with the dead remained strong, many learned Spanish and converted |
| Where was sugar produced? | Brazil and Caribbean |
| What was producing sugar called? | first modern industry |
| The labor to produce sugar was hard, so they used slaves. Why did they have to bring in African slaves? | natives were killed by disease or fled |
| Sugar producing was mainly ran by? | British, French, and Portuguese |
| Who did the Colonies of Sugar base their slave system on? | southern US model |
| What caused racial mixing in South and Central America? | British women came along with their husbands instead of young men traveling for adventure and wealth |
| What lead to black/white relationships in South and Central America? | slavery was less harsh |
| As the third distinctive type of colonial society that emerged, what did the British colonists find in America? | found that "only the dregs were left", lands they acquired were regarded as unpromising left overs of the New World |
| What were the British coming to the New World for? | permanent settlements to get away from homeland oppression |
| What were Spain and Portugal coming to the New World for? | short-term exploitations to make them rich |
| The British did not mix with the natives or slaves because they brought? | their families |
| Why did Spain and Portugal indulge in relationships with the natives and slaves? | single young men looking to mingle |
| What is one major reason for the higher literacy rates in British colonies than in Spanish/Portuguese colonies? | The Protestant emphasis on reading the Bible for oneself led to a much greater mass literacy than in Latin America whereas the Catholic Church was far more focused on converting the natives ti Christianity |
| Where did the small Russian state start to emerge? | centered on Moscow |
| Moscow began to? | conquer neighboring cities |
| What did the Russian Empire do for security against nomads? | early expansion into the grasslands to south and east |
| Why did the Russian Empire expand into Siberia? | opportunity, not threat |
| How did the Russian Empire transform the life of its conquered people? | Russification, the conquered took oath of loyalty to Russian ruler, pay tribute, pressure to convert to Christianity, epidemics killed large populations, influx Russian settlers, nomads lost land, dependent on markets |
| What were the effects of the loss of the nomad's hunting grounds and pasturelands to Russian agricultural settlers? | disrupted local economy, left populations dependent on Russian markets |
| Who were the Cossacks? | bands of fiercely independent warriors consisting of peasant who had escaped serfdom as well as criminals ans other adventurers |
| How did the Cossacks help Russia? | helped them expand into Siberia |
| How did the Russians acquire their empire? | through conquest, settlement, exploitation, religious conversion, and feelings of superiority,Russians recognized and distinguished themselves among their conquered and incorporated poeples |
| Differences between hoe Western Europeans and Russians acquired their empires? | Russians conquered their neighbors, Europeans colonized the Americas |
| What did the Chinese vastly enlarge and incorporate? | the territorial size of the country, number of non-Chinese people |
| What did the Chinese undertake to provide security for the huge region? | great military effort |
| How were the regions the Chinese conquered ruled? | separately from the rest of China through a new office called the Court of Colonial Affairs |
| The Chinese made active use of? | local notables |
| Chinese or Qing official didn't seek to? | assimilate people into Chinese culture and showed considerable respect for the Mongolian, Tibetan, and Muslim cultures of the region |
| Eurasia before Chinese conquests and Russian expansion? | region was cosmopolitan crossroads, hosting Silk Road; welcomed all major religions; generated enduring encounter between the nomads of the steppes and farmers of settled agricultural regions |
| Eurasia after and under Russian and Chinese Rule? | backward and impoverished, land -based commerce backseat to ocean trade, indebted Mongolian nobles lost land to Chinese merchants, nomads no longer able to her animals freely and fled to urban areas, reduced to begging |
| What eliminated the nomadic pastoralists who had been the strongest alternative to settled agriculture society? | incorporation of the heartland of Eurasian nomads into the Russian and Chinese empires |
| Akbar policies and attitudes toward Hindus? | Hindus majority of population, let them keep their faith, incorporated Hindus into political-military elite, supported building Hindu temples, policy of toleration, removed tax on non-Muslims, promoted state religious cult drew on Islam, Hindus, Zor. |
| Aurangzeb policies and attitudes toward Hindus? | reversed Akbar's accommodation policy, forbade Hindu practice of sati, banned music and dance at the court, gambling, drinking prostitution, and narcotics, destroyed some Hindu temples, reinstated tax, posted "sensors of public morals" to large cities |
| What was the conflict between the Ottomans and Safavids? | a deep and enduring division within the Islamic world, Ottomans Sunni and Safavids Shia |
| Why was Byzantium no longer the "heir to the glory of Rome"? | Constantinople fell to the Muslims Turks and renamed the city Istanbul, became capital of Ottoman empire |
| Ways Christians welcomed Ottoman wealth? | taxes lighter, oppressions less pronounced, granted autonomy, became part of Ottoman elite, Jewish liberated buy Ottoman rule |
| Turkish rule bare heavily? | hand over quota of young boys, |
| What was the outcome of the Ottoman Siege of Vienna? | last Ottoman incursion into the Austrian Empire was pushed back with French and Polish help, marking end of serious Muslim threat to Christian Europe |
| Jizya? | special tax levied on non-Muslims in Islamic states |
| Sati? | act of an Indian widow following her husband to death by throwing herself on his funeral pyre |
| Constantinople? | capital and almost only outpost left of the Byzantine Empire, fell to Ottomans, marked end of Christian Byzantium |
| Devshirme? | tribute of boys that the Ottoman Turks levied from Christian subjects in the Balkans; Ottomans raised boys for service in the civil administration or in the elite Janissary infantry corps |
Created by:
1213hannahhillard
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