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Chapter 14
Unit 4
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What years does Unit 4 take place in? | 1450-1750 |
| What is Unit 4 called? | The Early Modern Era |
| What happens in Unit 4? | Globalization, modern societies, and European dominance in world affairs. |
| What are the major themes of Unit 4? | Globalization by Europe, silver from New World traded in Asian markets, Columbian exchange, christianity dominates, and the great expansion of Russia, China, and the Ottoman Empire |
| What else, other than the Early Modern Era, can Unit 4 be called and why? | The Late Agrarian Era because Africa and Asia were still agricultural and change was less visible there. |
| What did European Empires do in Unit 4? | Expand greatly |
| What happened with the Russian empire in Unit 4? | It began and grew |
| What happened to Qing China in Unit 4? | It doubled |
| What did the Mughal Empire do in Unit 4? | Brought Hindus and Muslims together |
| What did the Ottoman Empire become in Unit 4? | A rebirth of the older Muslim empire |
| Why was maritime expansion needed in early Western Europe? | The conquered territories lay an ocean away from the imperial heartland, rather than adjacent to it |
| What countries were on the Atlantic rim of Europe? | Portugal, Spain, Britain, and France |
| What were countries on the Atlantic rim of Europe clooser to? | The Americas than was any possible Asian competitor |
| What did early Western Europe understand that helped them to expand? | Winds and currents |
| What are the 3 G's, and are reasons for why Europeans explored? | God, glory, and gold |
| Why was god a reason for Europeans to explore? | They wanted to convert others to their religion |
| Why was glory a reason for Europeans to explore? | They wanted to be famous |
| Why was gold a reason for Europeans to explore? | They could make tons of money from it |
| Other than the 3 G's, what other reasons did the Europeans have for exploring? | Rivalries with other countries, advanced seafaring technology, and horses |
| What did Europe's rivalries with other countries lead to? | The need for them to grow |
| Who did horses give Europeans an advantage over? | Natives |
| Where did Spaniards explore? | In the Caribbean, then on to the Aztec and Inca Empires |
| Where did Europeans explore? | Portuguese in Brazil, nd the British, French, and Dutch colonies in North America |
| What did Europeans control by the mid-nineteenth century? | Most of the Americas |
| What did the European merchant class seek direct access to? | Asian Wealth |
| Why did the European merchant class seek direct access to Asian wealth? | They wanted to avoid the reliance on Muslim middlemen that they found so distasteful. |
| What was the pre-Columbian Western Hemisphere's population? | 60-80 million |
| What did the population of the pre-Columbian Western Hemisphere not have an immunity to? | Old World diseases |
| What was the Great Dying? | Europeans brought European and African diseases to the pre-Columbian Western Hemisphere and wiped out 90 percent of the Native Americans. |
| What happened to the native population in the Caribbean as a result of the Great Dying? | They nearly vanished |
| What happened to the population in Central Mexico as a result of the Great Dying? | It dropped from 10-20 million to 1 million by 1650. |
| Where was there a similar mortality rate to Central Mexico as a result of the Great Dying? | North America |
| As population sharply diminished in the Americas, what did the great dying create? | An acute labor shortage and made room for immigrant newcomers? |
| Who were immigrant newcomers in the Americas? | Colonizers and enslaved Africans |
| What did the labor shortage in the Americas as a result of the great dying give the colonizers a reason to ues? | African slaves |
| Other than the population drop, why did colonizers use African slaves? | Natives often escaped |
| The silver mines in Mexico and Peru allowed the Spanish conquerors and other Europeans to buy massive amounts of what highly valuable commodities? | Chinese tea, silk, and porcelain |
| Where were silver mines at? | Mexico and Peru |
| What was the Columbian Exchange? | The enormous network of communication, migration, trade, the spread of disease, and the transfer of plants and animals between the Old and New Worlds. |
| The Columbian Exchange was an interacting...? | Atlantic world that connected 4 continents |
| What are some examples of things in the Columbian Exchange that went from the Old World to the New World? | Horses, disease, and African slaves |
| What are some examples of things in the Columbian Exchange that went from the New World to the Old World? | Tobacco, Corn, Potatoes, and Tomatoes |
| What is the theory of mercantilism? | European countries' economic interests were best served by encouraging exports and accumulating silver and gold. |
| What did silver and gold represent? | Prosperity |
| What did the colonies provide their mother countries? | Great quantites of bullion |
| What is bullion? | Gold and silver bars |
| What three kinds of economies were established by the new colonial sociities among Native American culture? | Settler-dominated agriculture, slave-based plantations, and ranching or mining |
| Who established settler-dominated agriculture, slave-based plantations, and ranching or mining. | The new colonial societies among the Native American cultures. |
| What was the economic foundation of colonial rule in Mexico and Peru? | Commercial agriculture; silver and gold mining |
| Who provided the labor for commercial agriculture and silver and gold mining? | Native peoples |
| What kind of labor did the natives perform in Mexico and Peru? | Forced labor and wage labor |
| What is the native peoples' population called? | Indigenous |
| How did the economic base in Mexico and Peru shape the kinds of socierties that arose there? | A distinctive social order grew up |
| What did the distinctive social order in Mexico and Peru replicate? | The Spanish herarchy |
| Who did the distinctive social order that grew up in Peru and Mexico accomodate? | The racially and culturally different Indians and Africans, as well as growing numbers of racially mixed people. |
| Who dominated the society in Mexico and Peru? | Europeans |
| What was the social hierarchy, that was like a pyramid, in Mexico and Peru? | Top to Bottom - Peninsulares, Creoles, Mestizo, Mulattoes, and Indians |
| What are peninsulares? | Spanish born peoples |
| What are creoles? | Spaniards born in the Americas |
| What are mestizo? | Mixed race populations of Europeans and Natives, usually Spanish men and Indian women |
| What are mulattoes? | The product of Portuguees-African unions |
| What are Indians? | Indigenous peoples |
| What happened to Native Americans' religious beliefs in Mesoamerican and Peru when confronted with Catholicism? | Christian saints in many places easily blened with speicalized indigenous gods |
| Although some of the Native's beliefs changed when confronted with Catholicism, what remained strong that was native to them? | Belief in magic, folk medicine, and communion with the dead. |
| What did many Native American's do when confronted with Catholicism, other than the blending of saints and gods? | Many of them gravitated toward the world of their conqueror, learned Spanish, and converted to Christianity. |
| Where were the Sugar colonies? | Brazil and the Caribbean |
| What are the colonies of sugar called? | The first modern industry because it was very hard labor. |
| Why did were African slaves brought to work in the sugar colonies? | The natives were killed by disease of fled. |
| Who mostly ran the sugar colonies? | The British, French, and Portuguese |
| What was based on the sugar colonies? | The slave system |
| Why was there more racial mixing in South and Central America? | British women came along with their husbands instead of young men traveling for adventure and wealth. |
| What was the third distinctive type of colonial society that emerged? | The British colonists in the Americas |
| What happened because the British were the last of the European powers to establish a colonial presence in the Americas? | They found that only the dregs were left. |
| What were the British the last to do? | Establish a colonial presence in the Americas. |
| What were the lands the British aquired in the Americas regarded as? | The unpromising leftovers of the New World. |
| Why did the British come to the New World? | For permanent settlements to get away from homeland oppression |
| Why did Spain and Portugal come to the New World? | For short-term exploitations to make them rich |
| Who did the British men bring with them to the New World? What did this cause? | They brought their families, so they didn't mix with natives or slaves |
| Who did men from Spain and Portugal bring with them to the New World? What did this cause? | They came by themselves. Since they were young, single men, they mixed. |
| Who had higher literacy rates: the British or Spanish/Portuguese colonies? | The British |
| Why did the British colonies have a higher literacy rate? | There was a Protestant emphasis on reading the Bible for oneself, which led to a much greater mass literacy. |
| Why didn't Latin America have as high of a literacy rate as the British colonies? | The Catholic Church was more focused on converting natives to Christianity |
| What did the British not impose like Spain that contributed to them being so independent? | An elaborate bureaucracy |
| What did the British civil war do? | Distracted the government from involvement in the colonies |
| How did the Russian Empire begin? | A small Russian state centered on Moscow emerged in 1500 |
| What did Moscow begin to do? | Conquer neighboring cities |
| What did Moscow do over three centuries? | Grew into a massive Russian empire |
| What did the Russian Empire do for security against the nomads? | Expanded early on into the grasslands to the south and east |
| Why did the Russians expand into Siberia? | For opportunity, espcially furs |
| What is Russification? | The Russians blended in, or assimilated conquered people into their culture |
| What did conquered people in Russia have to do? | Take an oath of loyalty to the Russian ruler |
| What was there a payment of in Russia? | Tribute |
| What was there an intermittent pressure for conquered people to do in Russia? | Convert to Christianity |
| What killed large populations in Russia? | Devastating epidemics |
| What was there an influx of in the Russian Empire? | Russian settlers |
| What did the Russian Empire lose to Russian agricultural settlers? What did this do? | They lost hunting grounds and pasturelands, which disrupted the local economy and left local populations dependent on Russian markets |
| Who were the Cossacks? | Bands of fiercely independent warriors consisting of peasants who escaped serfdom as well as criminals and other adventurers |
| What did the Cossacks help do? | Expand Russia into Siberia |
| How did the Russians distinguish themselves among their conquered and incorporated peoples? Who was this like? | Through conquest, settlement, exploitation, religious conversion, and feelings of superiority. Like the Western Europeans. |
| How was the Russian acquiring of their empire different than Western Europeans? | The people they conquered were neighbors that they had interacted with before. |
| What did the Chinese vastly enlarge in the 17th and 18th century? | The territorial size of the country |
| Who did the Chinese incorporate during the 17th and 18th century? | A number of non-Chinese people |
| What did the Chinese do in the north and west? | Had an 80 year conquest |
| What did the Chinese vastly enlarge in the 17th and 18th century? | The territorial size of the country |
| What is the Court of Colonial Affairs? | A new office in China that ruled conquered regions seperately from the rest of China |
| Who did the Chinese incorporate during the 17th and 18th century? | A number of non-Chinese people |
| What did the Chinese do in the north and west? | Had an 80 year conquest |
| Who did the Chinese show considerable respect for? | The Mongolian, Tibetan, and Muslim cultures of the region |
| Why was a great military effort undertaken in China? | To provide security for the huge region |
| What transformed Central Asia? | Chinese conquests, together with the expansion of the Russian Empire |
| What is the Court of Colonial Affairs? | A new office in China that ruled conquered regions seperately from the rest of China |
| What was the Eurasian region like before Chinese conquests and the Russian Empire? | It had been cosmopolitan crossroads, hosting the Silk Road trade network |
| What did the Chinese do like other colonial powers? | Made active use of local notables |
| What did Eurasia welcome before Chinese conquests and the Russian Empire? | All of the major world religions |
| What did the Chinese/Qing officials not seek to do? | Assimilate local people into Chinese culture |
| What did Eurasia generate before Chinese conquets and the Russian Empire? | An enduring encounter between the nomads of the steppes and farmers of settled agricultural regions |
| Who did the Chinese show considerable respect for? | The Mongolian, Tibetan, and Muslim cultures of the region |
| What did Eurasia become after Chinese and Russian rule? | The backward and impoverished region known to 19th and 20th century observors |
| What transformed Central Asia? | Chinese conquests, together with the expansion of the Russian Empire |
| What was the Eurasian region like before Chinese conquests and the Russian Empire? | It had been cosmopolitan crossroads, hosting the Silk Road trade network |
| What did Eurasia welcome before Chinese conquests and the Russian Empire? | All of the major world religions |
| What did Eurasia generate before Chinese conquets and the Russian Empire? | An enduring encounter between the nomads of the steppes and farmers of settled agricultural regions |
| What did Eurasia become after Chinese and Russian rule? | The backward and impoverished region known to 19th and 20th century observors |
| What happened to indebted Mongolian nobles under Chinese and Russian rule? | They lost their land to Chinese merchants |
| What happened to land-based commerce after Chinese and Russian rule? | It took a backseat to oceanic trade |
| What were nomads no longer able to do under Chinese and Russian rule? What did they do because of this? | They couldn't herd their animals freely, so they fled to urban areas where many were reduced to begging |
| What happened to indebted Mongolian nobles under Chinese and Russian rule? | They lost their land to Chinese merchants |
| What did the incorporation of the heartland of Eurasian nomads into the Russian and Chinese empires do? | Eliminate the nomadic pastoralists who had been the strongest alternative to settled agricultural society since 200 B.C.E. |
| What were nomads no longer able to do under Chinese and Russian rule? What did they do because of this? | They couldn't herd their animals freely, so they fled to urban areas where many were reduced to begging |
| What did Akbar, a leader of the Mughal empire, realize about Hindus? | They made up the majority of the population , so he let them keep their faith. |
| What did the incorporation of the heartland of Eurasian nomads into the Russian and Chinese empires do? | Eliminate the nomadic pastoralists who had been the strongest alternative to settled agricultural society since 200 B.C.E. |
| What did Akbar incorporate many Hindus into? | The political-military elite of the empire |
| What did Akbar, a leader of the Mughal empire, realize about Hindus? | They made up the majority of the population , so he let them keep their faith. |
| What did Akbar support? | The building of Hindu temples |
| What did Akbar incorporate many Hindus into? | The political-military elite of the empire |
| What did Akbar impose? | A policy of toleration retraining the militantly Islamic ulama |
| What did Akbar support? | The building of Hindu temples |
| What did Akbar remove? | The special tax on non-Muslims |
| What did Akbar impose? | A policy of toleration retraining the militantly Islamic ulama |
| What did Akbar remove? | The special tax on non-Muslims |
| What did Aurangzeb,the second leader of the Mughals, reverse? | Akbar's policy of accomodation |
| What did Akbar promote? | A state religious cult that drew on Islam, Hindus, and Zoroastrianism |
| What did Aurangzeb ban? | Music and dance at the court, as well as gambling, drinking, prosecution, and narcotics |
| What did Aurangzeb,the second leader of the Mughals, reverse? | Akbar's policy of accomodation |
| What did Aurangzeb ban? | Music and dance at the court, as well as gambling, drinking, prosecution, and narcotics |
| What did Aurangzeb destory? | Hindu temples |
| What did Aurangzeb reinstate? | The special tax on non-Muslims |
| What did Aurangzeb post? | Censors of public morals to large cities to enforce Islamic law |
| What was the century-long conflict between the Ottomans and the Safavids? | The Ottomans were Sunni and the Safavids were Shia |
| What is Shia also know as? | Shiite |
| Who did Constantinople fall to in 1453 and what was it renamed? | Fell to the Muslim Turks and was renamed Istanbul |
| What did Byzantium,once a Christian city and now Istanbul, become? | The capital of the Ottoman empire |
| In terms of taxes, why did the Christians welcome Ottoman conquest? | They were lighter and less pronounced under Ottoman rule |
| What were Christian communities granted under Ottoman rule? | Considerable autonomy in regulating their internal, social, religious, educational, and charitable affairs |
| What did a large number of Christians become under Ottoman rule? | Part of the Ottoman elite without converting to Islam |
| Who were Christians in the Ottoman empire? | Balkan landlords, Greek merchants, government officials, and high-ranking clergy |
| Why did the Jewish welcome Ottoman conquest? | Jewish refugees fleeing Christian persecution in a Spain recently liberated from Islamic rule, found greater opportunity, where they became prominent in trade and banking circles |
| What was devshirme? | Balkan Christian communities were required to hand over a quota of young boys, we were removed from their families, required to learn Turkish, converted to Islam, and trained for civil administration or military service in elite Janissary units |
| What did the Ottoman Empire represent? | An enormous threat to Christendom in general |
| What raised anew the specter of a Muslim takeover of all of Europe? | The seizure of Constantinople, the conquest of the Balkans, Ottoman naval power in the Mediterranean, and the siege of Vienna in 1529 and 1683. |
| What was the outcome of the Ottoman Siege of Vienna in 1683? | It marked the end of a serious Muslim threat to Christian Europe |
| What was the Ottoman Siege of Vienna in 1683? | It was the last Ottoman incursion into the Austrian Empire was pushed back with French and Polish help. |
| What is jizya? | A special tax levied on non-Muslims in Islamic states |
| What is Sati? | The act of an Indian widow following her husband to death by throwing herself on his funeral pyre |
| Who is Mehmad II, "the conqueror"? | An Ottoman sultan whose army caused the fall of Constantinople, which marked the end of Christian Byzantium. |
| Why did some Native Americans aid the Spanish in their invasion of the New World? | To gain an advantage against their own enemies |
| Who aided the Spanish in their invasion of the New World? | Some Native Americans |
| Who did many Mesoamerican tribes want to help the Spanish destroy? | The Aztecs |
| What did the Native Americans aid the Spanish with? | Invading the New World |
| What did the Native Americans do to gain an advantage against their own enemies? | Aided the Spanish in invading the New World |
| Where did the majority of enslaved Africans end up once brought across the Atlantic? | Brazil and the Caribbean |
| What were the coastal areas of Brazil and the Caribbean well suited for? | Growing sugar |
| Why did Brazil and the Caribbean have the majority of slaves? | Sugar plantations needed many workers, and the natives had died or fled |
| Whi imported African slaves to grow sugarcane and process it into sugar? | The English, French, Portuguese, and Dutch empires |
| What did Brazil and the Caribbean not have much of? | Silver and gold |
| What was the religious outcome of Ottoman rule in southeastern (Balkan) Europe? | Conversion to Islam of about 20 percent of the population |
| Why were most European Christians under Ottoman rule allowed to keep their religion? | The Ottoman had a policy of religious toleration |
| What happened because of the Ottoman's policity of religious toleration? | Most European Christians kept their religion |
| What percent of the population in southeastern (Balkan) Europe converted to Islam? | 20 percent |
| What religion kept their faith under Ottoman rule? | Christianity |
| Where were Qing rulers from? | Manchuria |
| Where was Manchuria? | North of the Great Wall |
| Who was from Manchuria? | Qing rulers |
| What country was north of the Great Wall? | Manchuria |
| Did Qing rulers come from Manchuria? | Yes |
| Who were the Mughals? | Central Asian warriors who conquered India in the 16th century. |
| Who conquered India in the 16th century? | The Mughals |
| Where were the Mughals from? | Central Asia |
| What group of people were from Central Asia? | The Mughals |
| What did Mughals do? | They were warriors |
| In 1529 and again in 1683 the Ottoman Empire besieged what central European capital? | Vienna |
| What did the Ottoman Empire do in 1529 and in 1683? | Besieged the central European capital of Vienna |
| Where was Vienna the capital? | Central Europe |
| In what years did the Ottoman Empire besiege Vienna? | 1529 and again in 1683 |
| Who besieged the central European capital of Vienna? | The Ottoman Empire |
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1213CaitlynMullins
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