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Chapter Fourteen 14
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is unit 4 called? | Early Modern Era (1450-1750) |
| What is unit 4 about? | globalization, modern societies, European dominance in world affairs |
| Why is unit 4 sometimes called the Late Agrarian Era? | bc Africa and Asia were still agriculture and change was less visible there |
| What happened when Europe's empire expanded? | Russia's empire began and grew, Qing doubled, Mughal brought Hindus and Muslims together, Ottoman empire became a rebirth of the older Muslim empire |
| Why was maritime expansion in Western Europe needed? | the conquered territories lay an ocean away from imperial heartland, rather than adjacent to it. |
| What countries were closer to the Americas? | Portugal, Spain, Britain, and France |
| How were Europeans good at exploring? | they understood winds and currents much different than monsoon winds in the Indian Ocean. |
| What are the 3Gs for the reason that European's explored? | God, Glory, Gold |
| What does God mean? | the need to covert |
| What does Glory mean? | need to be famous |
| What does gold mean? | they can make tons of money |
| What were other reasons why Europeans explored? | rivalries with other countries led to need to grow, advanced seafaring technology, horses (gave advantage over natives) |
| Where did the Spaniards explore? | in the Caribbean, then on to Aztec and Inca empires |
| Where did Portuguese explore? | Brazil |
| Where did the British, French, and Dutch colonies explore? | North America |
| By the mid nineteenth (1850) century what was going on? | Europeans controlled most of the Americas |
| Why did the European merchant class seek direct access to Asian wealth? | Merchant class wanted to avoid the reliance on Muslim middlemen that they found so distasteful. |
| Before Columbus what was the Western Hemisphere's population? | 60 million-80 million |
| What was the Great Dying? | Europeans brought European and African diseases to western hemisphere, in which the natives have no immunities to |
| What were the effects of the Great Dying? | mortality rates of up to 90% among Native American pops |
| What happened in the Caribbean and Mexico during the Great Dying? | native pop nearly vanished in the Caribbean, pop dropped from 10-20 million to 1 million by 1650, similar mortality in North America |
| Besides a decreasing population, what did the Great Dying create? | labor shortages and made room for immigrant newcomers-colonizers and enslaves Africans |
| Why did colonizers use Africans as slaves? | bc the natives often escaped |
| The silver mines in Mexico and Peru allowed the Spanish conquerors and other Europeans to buy massive amounts of what highly valuable commodities? | Chinese tea, silk and porcelain |
| What was the Columbian Exchange? | It was the enormous network of communication, migration, trade, the spread of disease, and the transfer of plants and animals between the Old and New Worlds. |
| What did the Atlantic Ocean connect? | 4 interacting continents |
| What came from the Old World and went to the New World? | horses, cows, chickens, goats, pigs, disease, African slaves |
| What came from the New World and went to the Old World? | tobacco, corn, potatoes, tomatoes |
| What is the theory of mercantilism? | European countries' economic interests were best served by encouraging exports and accumulating silver and gold which represented prosperity. |
| What did the colonies provide for their mother countries? | great quantities of bullion (gold and silver bars) |
| What 3 kinds of economies were established by the new colonial societies among Native American cultures? | settler-dominated agriculture slave-based plantations ranching or mining |
| What was the economic foundation of colonial rule in Mexico and Peru? | commercial ag; silver and gold mining |
| Who provided the labor for Mexico and Peru? | it was forced and wage labor by native peoples |
| How did this economic base shape the kinds of societies that arose there | social order grew up, replicating the Spanish hierarchy while accom. the racially and culturally different Indians and Africans, as well growing numbers of racially mixed people. |
| Who was at the top of the social hierarchy? | Peninsulares- Spanish born peoples |
| Who was second? | Creoles- Spaniards born in the Americas |
| Who was 3rd? | Mestizo- mixed race pop-made by a European and a native-Spanish men, Indian women |
| Who was 4th? | Mulattoes-the product of Portuguese-African unions |
| Who was very last? | Indians-indigenous people |
| What happened to Native Americans' religious beliefs in Mesoamerica and Peru when confronted with Catholicism? | Christian saints blended with specialized indigenous gods, while belief in magic, folk medicine and communion with dead remained strong |
| What did many Native Americans do when confronted Catholicism? | gravitated towards the world of their conqueror, learned Spanish, and converted to Christianity. |
| What was produced in Brazil and the Caribbean? | sugar, very hard labor (first modern industry), mainly ran by British, French, and Portuguese |
| Why were African slaves used on the sugar plantations? | bc natives were killed by disease or they fled slave system was based on southern US model |
| Why was racial mixing big in South and Central America? | British women came along with their husbands instead of young men traveling for adventure and wealth. |
| What did the British colonists find in the Americas? | they found that "only the dregs were left" |
| What were lands they acquired regarded as? | the unpromising leftovers of the New World |
| What were the needs for the British coming to the New World? | British wanted permanent settlements to get away from homeland oppression. They brought families, didn't mix with native slaves. |
| What were the needs for Spain or Portugal for the New World? | they came for short-term exploitations to make them rich. Spanish and Portuguese men were single and looking for women. |
| What is one major reason for higher literacy rates in British colonies than in Spanish/Portuguese colonies? | The Protestant emphasized on everyone of their Church to read the Bible. |
| What was the religion of the Latin colonies? | Spain & Portugal Catholic Church |
| What was the Catholic Church focused on? | converting the natives to Christianity. |
| How did British colonies get so independent? | Britain didn't impose an elaborate bureaucracy like Spain. |
| Why else was British colonies so independent? | British civil war (seventeenth century) distracted gov. from involvement with colonies |
| What happened around 1500? | A small Russian state centered in Moscow began to emerge. |
| How did the Russian Empire emerge? | Moscow began to conquer neighboring cities, over 3 centuries it grew into a massive empire |
| What was the early expansion into the grasslands to south and east for? | security against the nomads |
| What was Russia's reason for expansion into Siberia? | a matter of opportunity (especially furs) not threat |
| What were Russians well known for? | assimilating (blending in) conquered people |
| What ways did Russia transform the lives of their conquered people? | take an oath of loyalty to Russian rulers, payment of tribute, pressure to be Christian. |
| What affect did the Russians have on the population? | epidemics killed large pops, influx of Russian settlers, local pops dependent on Russian markets bc they took their hunting and pasturing lands |
| Who were the Cossacks? | bands of fiercely independent warriors consisting of peasants who had escaped serfdom as well as criminals and other adventurers. |
| What did the Cossacks help do? | expand Russia into Siberia. |
| What did the Russians and Western Europe have in common about acquiring their empire? | they recognized and distinguished themselves among their conquered and incorporated people. |
| How did Western Europe acquire their empire? | through conquest, settlement, exploitation, religious conversion, and feelings of superiority. |
| How did the Russians acquire their empire? | the people they conquered were neighbors that they had interacted with before |
| Besides the Chinese who else did they incorporate into their empire? | non Chinese people |
| How long was the conquest to the north and west? | 80 years |
| What was the great military effort of the Chinese empire building for? | providing security for the huge region |
| What were the Court of Colonial Affairs? | the office were conquered regions that were ruled separately from the rest of China. |
| What did the Chinese and other colonial powers have in common? | made use of local notables |
| What did the Qing not do to their people? | assimilate their local people |
| Who did the Chinese have respect for? | Mongolian, Tibetan, and Muslim cultures |
| What was Eurasia like before Russia and China came along? | cosmopolitan crossroads, hosted Silk Road, welcomed all major world religions, generated enduring encounter between nomads of the steppes and farmers of settled ag regions |
| What was Eurasia like after Russia and China came along? | land based commerce took a backseat to oceanic trade, Mongols lost their land to Chinese merchants, nomads were eliminated |
| What were Akbar's views towards Hindus? | incorporated them in political-military elite of the empire, supported Hindu buildings and temples, imposed a toleration of retraining the more militantly Islamic ulama, removed non Muslim special tax. |
| What did Akbar also do? | promoted a state religious cult that drew on Islam, Hindus, and Zoroasrtrianism |
| What was Aurangzebs views towards Hindus? | forbade HIndu practice of sati, banned music, dance, banned gambling, drinking, prostitution, and narcotics. Destroyed Hindu temples, reinstated the special tax on non Muslims, posted censors of public morals to large cities to enforce Islamic law |
| What was the century long conflict between the Ottoman and the Safavids? | A deep and enduring division within the Sunni version of Islam by the Ottomans and Persian Safavid Empire holding fast to the Shia form of Islam. |
| Why was Byzantium no longer the "heir to the glory of Rome"? | 1n 1453, Constantinople fell to the Muslim Turks and renamed the city Istanbul. The Christian city became the capital of the Ottoman Empire. |
| What was one way that Christians welcomed the Ottoman conquest? | taxes were lighter and oppression was less pronounced under Ottoman rule. |
| What was a second way that Christians welcomed the Ottoman conquest? | Christian communities were granted considerable autonomy in regulating their internal social, religious, educational, and charitable affairs. |
| What did Balkan landlords, Greek merchants, government officials, and high ranking clergies become a part of? | the Ottoman elite without converting to Islam |
| What did the Jewish refugees fleeing Christian persecution in Spain do? | recently liberated from Islamic law, found greater opportunity in the Ottoman Empire, where they became prominent in trade and banking circles. |
| Where does the Balkan people come from? | Greece and Bulgaria |
| How did Turkish rule bare heavily on Christians? | the entire empire was a threat to Christendom |
| What raised "the specter of a Muslim takeover of all of Europe"? | The seizure of Constantinople, the conquest of the Balkans, Ottoman naval power in the Med. and the siege of Vienna in 1529 and 1683. |
| What is devshirme? | Balkan Christian communities were required to hand over a quota of young biys, who were then removed from their families, required to learn Turkish, converted to Islam, and trained for either civil admins or military service in elite Janissary. |
Created by:
1213meganhouk
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