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APWH Chapter 13
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Zheng He explored where? | as far as East Africa from China |
| When did Zheng He explore? | In 1405 |
| Why was Christopher Columbus' voyages more well known than Zheng's? | Zheng's didn't really change the world like Columbus' did. |
| In the 1400s, people were still paleolithic, where? | Siberia, Americas, and Australia |
| Why were some people paleolithic in the 1400s? | Caused from not interacting with other people |
| Australia was separated into different groups; how many? | 250 separate groups |
| What was really modern in Australia? | their tools |
| Some people in Australia were without what? | Agriculture |
| What were the main agricultural societies in the 1400s? | Much of North America, Amazon, and subequatorial Africa |
| What were the benefits of agricultural societies? | Got away from class inequalities, governmental oppressions and gender seclusion |
| What does subequtorial mean? | beneath the equator |
| The North Western coast peoples were more modern than? | Australia |
| Northwestern societies consisted of the following: | permanent village settlements, sturdy and large houses, considerable economic specialization, ranked societies, extensive storage of food |
| Which of the following societies included slavery, Australian or Northwest Coast? | Northwest Coast |
| In the Northwest Coast region, chiefdoms were dominated by whom? | powerful clan leaders |
| In Yoruba the city-states were ruled by? | by an oba (king) |
| An oba or king could be a? | a woman |
| The city-states of Yoruba were each held in? | within a walled town |
| The Oba performed what type of functions? | both religious and political functions |
| Who did the Yoruba trade with? | Benin and Igbo, and more distant people of the Songhay Empire in the north Benin |
| Benin was a centralized territorial state that was ruled by? | a warrior king named Euware |
| King Euware was said to have conquered what? | 201 villages and towns |
| Who replaced the heads of kinship groups as major political authorities in Benin? | King Euware's administrative chiefs |
| King Euware sponsored? | extensive trading missions |
| In Benin, who created the brass sculptures? | patronized artists |
| What is Benin most famous for? | Brass sculptures |
| The Benin people traded with? | Yoruba and Igbo, and the more distant people of the Songhay empire in the north Igbo. |
| In the Igbo society,they rejected kings and state-building efforts of their neighbors, and insteand relied on? | on other institutions |
| The Igbo society was well known for? | Being a "Stateless society" |
| The Iroquois people lived where? | in New York State. |
| By 1300 the Iroquois league was? | fully agricultural |
| Who farmed, men or women? | women |
| Because women farmed, it started a shift towards? | patriarchy |
| Why did the League start? | warfare |
| The Iroquois people had a system almost like our bill of rights, were? | expression to values of a limited government, social equality, and personal freedom |
| The Iroquois married people live where? | With the wife's family |
| Who in the Iroquois league, controlled agriculture? | Women |
| Was it the men or woman's job in the Iroquois league to select and depose those leaders if necessary? | Women's |
| What was the Iroquois' men's roles? | Hunters, warriors, and political office holders |
| A brief attempt to restore the Mongol empire was led by who? | Tamerlane |
| Tamerlane's army of nomads brung immense devastation year again to? | Russia, Persia, and India |
| Tamerlane ended up losing the Mongol empire due to? | Expanding Russian and Chinese empires |
| What was Fulbe? | West Africa's largest pastoral society |
| What did Fulbe slowly grow into? | towns |
| Who started creating new Fulbe states? | Lesser Jihad |
| Was Islam adopted in Fulbe? | Yes |
| Under the Ming dynasty, China recovered from? | The disruption caused by Mongol rule and the ravages of the plague. |
| After China recovered under the Ming dynasty what did it become? | the best governed and most prosperous of the world's major civilizations |
| Who undertook the largest and most impressive maritime expedition ever? | China |
| Who created the 11,000 volume encyclopedia? | Ming Dynasty |
| What was reinstated within the Ming Dynasty? | The civil service system |
| The Ming Dynasty was all about who? | Confucius |
| Whose mission was to enroll distant peoples and states in the Chinese tribute system? | Zheng He's |
| How did Emperor Yongle's successors view expansion? | Viewed it as a waste of time and resources |
| After the voyages were stopped by Emperor Yongle,what did merchants keep doing? | Kept trading in Japan and on islands |
| During the Hundred Years' War, who fought against each other? | England and France |
| What was the reason for the Hundred Years' War? | over rival claims to territory in France |
| Europe was a fragmented system of separate, independent, and competitive states, which led to? | Sharply divided Christendom |
| How did the Ming dynasty control everything? | Centrally |
| Who won the Hundred Years' War and who hepled them win? | France, Joan of Arc |
| Tamerlane was a lot like who? | Chingiss Khan |
| Tamerlane was a mongol as well as a? | Muslim |
| Zheng He's expeditions exerted Chinese control over what? | foreign trade in the region |
| Zheng He's expeditions established Chinese power and prestige, where at? | The Indian Ocean |
| What does Renaissance mean? | Rebirth of antiquity |
| Where sis the Renaissance period occur? | In Europe(and in the Ming Dynasty) |
| What did the Renaissance in Europe do? | celebrated and reclaimed a classical Greek tradition that had earlier been obscured |
| Where in Europe did the Renaissance begin, and among what people? | In Northern Italy, among the rich |
| What did the people during the Renaissance period, find inspiration in? | In ancient art and literature from Greece and Rome |
| What are Greece and Rome considered? | antiquity |
| What does antiquity mean? | Kind of like an antique, old but valuable |
| What was the weird mix of ideas that people during the Renaissance were interested in? | contemporary people, ancient mythology, and Christianity |
| Scholars and philosophers reflected on secular topics during the Renaissance such as? | grammar, history, poetry, and politics |
| What did the secular elements in the Renaissance challenge? | Challenged the otherworldliness of Christian culture |
| What did the secular elements in the Renaissance signal? | the dawning of a more capitalist economy of private entrepreneurs |
| What does secular mean? | Non religious |
| In 1450, lots of trading brought about? | Lots of cash to Italian merchants |
| The Renaissance picked up where antiquity left off, and consisted of? | Philosophy, secularism, humanism, and rationalism |
| What does humanism mean? | human is the most important thing |
| Columbus captained three ships and a crew of 90, whereas da Gama... | had four ships, manned by about 170 sailors |
| In terms of size, European oceangoing vessels were minuscule compared to? | Zheng He's hundreds of ships and crew in the many thousands |
| Europeans' oceangoing ventures consisted of seeking for? | wealth of Africa and Asia, and Christian converts and possible allies |
| Why did Europeans' seek for possible allies? | people with whom to continue their long crusading struggle against threatening Muslim powers |
| China, opposite of Europe needed no? | military allies in the Indian ocean basin |
| China did not want to convert as Europeans did, and they did not seek? | conquests or colonies as did the Europeans |
| What did China want to do with their voyages, and how was that different from European voyages? | end them, because they really led nowhere, whereas the initial European expeditions were the beginning of a journey to world power |
| Who were the different 1400 explorers? | Prince Henry the Navigator, Columbus, and Da Gama |
| Da Gama did what Columbus was wanting to do, which was? | Made it around the southern Africa to India |
| Columbus went to the Americas but thought he was where? | India |
| Why did Columbus make his voyage? | Because the Muslims made land trading from Europe to Asia difficult |
| Who was Columbus? | Italian who sailed for Spain |
| Prince Henry the Navigator was from? | Portugal |
| Prince Henry the Navigator never really explored but liked the idea so he? | paid for explorers to go to western Africa by boat |
| There are four types of Muslims, two are the in the Heartland of Islam, and they are? | The Ottomans, and the Safavid |
| The frontiers of Islam were? | the Songhay and the Mughal |
| The Ottomans lasted form the 14th century until? | the early 20th century |
| The Ottoman Empire took up a huge territory consisting of? | Anatolia, eastern Europe, mush of the Middle East, North African coast, and lands around the Black Sea |
| In the Ottoman Empire, Sultans claimed? | The title "caliph" and the legacy of the Abbasids |
| Ottomans showed an effort to bring new unity to? | the Islamic World |
| The Safavid Empire emerged where, from what? | Emerged in Persia from a Sufi religious order |
| When was the Safavid Empire established? | shortly after 1500 |
| The Safavid imposed Shia Islam as what? | The official religion of the state |
| What two Muslim empires fought periodically between 1534 and 1639? | The Sunni Ottoman Empire and Shia Safavid Empire |
| The Songhay Empire began where and around what century? | Rose in West Africa in the second half of the 15th century |
| In the Songhay Empire, Islam was limited largely, just to whom? | Urban elites |
| Sonni Ali followed Muslim practices but was alos? | regarded as a magician with an invisibility charm |
| Which Muslim Empire was a major center of Islamic learning an trade? | The Songhay Empire |
| The Mughal empire was located where and was started by who? | In India, created by Turkic group that invaded India in 1526 |
| In the South of the Mughal empire, what continued to flourish? | The Hindu kingdom of Vijayanagara |
| Malacca is in what present day country? | Malaysia |
| Malacca was a major port city for? | Islam |
| During the second flowering of Islam, Islam spread as far as? | Southeast Asia |
| Malacca was not only influenced by Islam but also? | Buddhism and Hinduism |
| The Safavid had____ power? | Military |
| Periodic military conflict erupted between what two empires? | Ottoman and Safavid |
| The Ottomans saw themselves as successors to? | The Roman Empire |
| The Shia and the Sunni were both? | Muslim |
| Other religions were tolerated in what Muslim empire? | The Ottoman Empire |
| Mughal was Islam and? | Hindu |
| Which Muslim Empire provided religious autonomy for Christians? | Mughal |
| Who was Songhay's monarch? | Sonni Ali |
| Mughal created what kind of group? | an Islamized Turkic group |
| Mughal had inclusive policies to accommodate? | The Hindu subjects |
| Malaccawas located on the waterway between? | Sumatra and Malaya |
| During the 15th century Malacca was transformed from? | a small fishing village, to a major Muslim port city, and became a springboard for the spread of Islam throughout the region |
| The Islam of Malacca blended with? | Hindu and Buddhist traditions |
| Malacca, like Timbuktu, became? | a center for Islamic learning |
| The Aztecs began on an island in a lake in? | Modern Mexico city and we called it Tenochtitlan |
| Inca language? | Quechua |
| Incas located around what mountains? | Andes |
| Incas used Quipus which was? | knotted cords used to keep data |
| Incas forced conquered people to do what? | learn Quechua, travel to Cuzco for acculturation and acknowledge Inca gods |
| Between the Inca and Aztec empires, which was larger? | Inca |
| The Aztec empire controlled only part of the Mesoamerican cultural regions, while the Inca empire at its height? | encompassed practically the whole of the Andean civilization |
| Between the Aztec and Inca which one erected a more bureaucratic empire? | The Incas |
| What was central to all Aztec life? | The sun |
| To replenish the sun's energy and to postpone the descent into endless darkness the sun required? | The life-giving force found in human blood |
| The high calling of the Aztec state was to, by doing? | supply "this" blood for the sun, through its wars of expansion and from prisoners of war, who were destined for sacrifice |
| Within the home, Aztec women? | cooked, cleaned, spun and wove cloth, raised their children, and undertook ritual activities |
| Outside the home, Aztec women done what? | served as officials in palaces, priestesses in temples, traders in markets, teachers in schools, and members of craft workers' organization |
| The Incan women done what? | Worshiped the moon with matching religious officials, and attended to the duties like Aztec women |
| Both the Inca and Aztec societies practiced what? | gender parallelism, in which women and men operated in two separate but equal spheres |
| Long established patterns of trade linked Afro-Eurasian peoples but by the 15th century what happened? | the balance among them was changing |
| In the 15th century as the Mongol Empire broke up and the devastation of the plague came about what happened? | The Silk Roads overland network slowed down as the demand for its products reduced |
| The rise of the Ottoman Empire blocked? | direct commercial contact between Europe and China |
| The rise of the Ottoman Empire changed oceanic trade how? | Trade from Japan, Korea, and China through the islands of Southeast Asia and across the Indian Ocean picked up considerably |
| What kind of growth accompanied the economic or industrial revolution? | An unprecedented world population growth accompanied by this revolution |
| There was no true international trade until? | The 1500s |
| What was firestick farming? | This was a pattern of deliberately set fires, which they described as cleaning up the country. It cleared underbrush, which made hunting easier and encouraged the growth of certain plant and animal species |
| What was Oba? | a king in Yoruba |
| What was the Great Law of Peace? | an agreement among five Iroquois tribes to settle their differences peacefully through a confederation council of clan leaders |
| What was Fulbe? | West Africa's largest pastoralist society society, whose members gradually adopted Islam |
| What are Eunuchs? | Castrated men in China, who were personally loyal to the emperor and exercised great authority |
| Who was Niccolo Machiavelli? | an Italian Renaissance writer and politician known for his famous work, "The Prince" |
| Who was Vasco da Gama? | a Spanish explorer in1497 who launched a voyage that took him around southern Africa to India |
| What was the Seizure of Constantinople? | Constantinople, the capital of the Byzantine Empire, fell to the army of the Ottoman sultan Mehmed ll in 1453, which marked the end of Christian Byzantium |
| Who were the Janissaries? | The elite infantry force of the Ottoman Empire |
| What was Timbuktu? | Great city of West Africa noted in 14th-16th centuries as the center of Islamic Scholarship |
| What was the Triple Alliance? | In 1428, Triple Alliance among the Mexica, (who became Aztecs, and two other nearby city-states launched a highly aggressive program of military conquest |
| Who were Pochteca? | professional merchants in the Aztec Empire whose wealth often elevated them to elite status |
| What was a Quipus? | were colored knotted cords that served as an accounting device that recorded |
| What did the Quipus record? | births, deaths, marriages, and other pop data |
| What was Mita? | labor service Incans demanded for their conquered people which was periodically required of every household |
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1213brookisaacs
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