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Chapter 13
Unit 4
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What did Zheng He do? | He explored as far as East Africa in 1405 from China. |
| Why is Columbus known so much more than Zheng He? | Columbus' voyages changed the world, Zheng's didn't. |
| Where were Paleolithic people in 1400? | Siberia, Americas, and Austrailia |
| What did Austrailia have 250 of? | Separate groups of Paleolithic people |
| How were the tools of the Paleolithic groups in Austrailia described as? | Modern |
| What did some of the seperate groups of Paleolithic peoples in Austrailia not have? | Agriculture |
| Who were the people of the northwest coast of North America distinguished from? | Those of Austrailia |
| What kinds of settlements did northwest coast peoples have? | Permanent village settlements |
| What kinds of houses did the northwest coast peoples have? | Large and sturdy ones |
| What did the northwest coast peoples have a considerable amount of? | Economic specialization |
| What did the northwest coast's ranked societies sometime include? | Slavery, chiefdoms dominated by powerful clan leaders, and an extensive storage of food. |
| What were Austrailians and what did they have? | They were hunter/gatherers and had advanced tools. |
| Where were the agricultural societies in the 1400s? | In much of North America, the Amazon, and subequatorial Africa |
| What did agricultural societies get away from? | Class inequalites, governmental oppressions and gender seclusion |
| What emerged in West Africa between 1000 and 1500 C.E.? | Three different patterns of political development. |
| What was Yoruba and what was it within? | It was a series of city-states in West AFrica, and each was within a walled town |
| What was each city-state in Yoruba ruled by? Who were many of these? | Ruled by an oba(king), many of whom were women |
| What did the women who served as obas in Yoruba perform? | Both religious and political functions |
| Who did Yoruba trade with? | Benin and Igbo, and the more distant peoples of the Songhay Empire in the north |
| What was Benin and who ruled it? | A centralized territorial state that was ruled by a warrior king named Euware. |
| What is Euware, the warrior king of Benin, said to have done? | Conquered 201 towns and villages in the process of founding the new state |
| What did Euware's administrative chiefs replace? | The heads of kinship groups as major political authorities |
| What did the king of Benin sponser? | Extensive trading missions |
| What did the king of Benin patronize? | Artists who created the remarkable brass sculptures for which Benin is so famous |
| Who did Benin trade with? | Yoruba and Igbo, and the more distant peoples of the Songhay Empire in the north |
| What did Igbo reject from its neighbors? | Kings and state-building efforts |
| What did Igbo rely on? | Institutions such as title societies, women's associations, hereditary ritual experts, and a balance of power among kinship groups |
| What did wealthy men in title societies in Igbo receive? | A series of prestigious ranks |
| What did hereditary ritual experts serve as in Igbo? | Mediators |
| What did a balance of power among the kinship groups in Igbo maintain? | Social cohesion beyond he level of the village |
| What kind of society was Igbo? | Stateless |
| Who did Igbo trade with? | Yoruba and Benin, and the more distant peoples of the Songhay Empire in the north. |
| Where was the Iroquois League? | New York state |
| What was the Iroquois Leage by 1300? | Fully agricultural |
| What did women in the Iroquois League do? What might have happened because of this? | Women farmed, which might be why men turned to warfare |
| What did women farming in the Iroquois League start? | A shift toward patriarchy |
| What did the League (confederation) start due to? | Warfare |
| What did the Iroquois League give expression to? | Values of limited government, social equality, and personal freedom |
| How did the European colonists find of the concepts and values of the Iroquois League? | Highly attractive |
| Who controlled agriculture in the Iroquois League? | Women |
| What jobs did the men in the Iroquios League have? | They were warriors, hunters, and primary political officeholders |
| What could the women in the Iroquios League do to the political officeholders, who were male? | They selected them and could depose them |
| What was descent in the Iroquois League? | Matrilineal |
| In the Iroquios League, where did married couples live? | With the wifes family |
| Who is Timur also known as? | Tamerlane |
| Who was Timur? | A Turkic warrior who lead an attempt to restore the Mongol Empire after it disintegrated. |
| Where did Timur's army bring great devastation to? | Russia, Persia, and India |
| Who was Timur's model? | Chingiss Khan |
| Who did Timur end up losing to? | Expanding Russia and Chinese empires |
| Who are the Fulbe? | West Africa's largest pastoral society |
| Where did the Fulbe live? | In small communities |
| What religion did Fulbe adopt? | Islam |
| What did Fulbe slowly grow into? | Towns |
| What did Fulbe leading lesser jihads lead to? | Creating new Fulbe states |
| What did China do under the Ming dynasty? | Recovered from the disruption caused by Mongol rule and the ravages of the plague |
| What did China become under the Ming dynasty? | The best governed and most prosperous of the world's major civilizations |
| What did China undertake during the Ming dynasty? | The largest and most impressive maritime expeditions the world had ever seen |
| What was the Ming dyansty against? | All foreign ideas |
| What was the Ming dynasty all about? | Confucius |
| What was created in the Ming dynasty that had 11,000 volumes? | An encyclopedia |
| What was reinstated during the Ming dynasty? | The civil service exam |
| What did the government in the Ming dynasty have? | Eunuchs, state agriculture, and the best governed state in the 15th century |
| Who sent Zheng He on his voyages? | Emperor Yongle |
| What was Zheng He's mission on his voyages? | To enroll distant peoples and states in the Chinese tribute system |
| What did Zheng He's expeditions serve to eastablish? | Chinese power and prestige in the Indian Ocean |
| What did Zheng He want to exhert on his voyages? | Chinese control over foreign trade in the region |
| How did Emperor Yongle's successors view expansion? | As a waste of time and resources |
| What did the merchants keep doing after Zheng He's voyages were stopped? Who didn't support this? | Trading in Japan and on islands. The government didn't support it |
| Who fought in the Hundred Years War? | France and England |
| Why did France and England fight the Hundred Years War? | They fought over rival claims to territory in France |
| What made for a sharply divided Christendom in Europe? | Their fragmented system of many separate, independent, and highly competitive states |
| What was driven by the needs of war in Europe? | Attempts at state building |
| What were the needs of war in Europe? | Taxes to build and support armies |
| Did anything like the Hundred Years War happen in the Ming dynasty? If so, what was it? | No |
| What was the Renaissance? | A renewed cultural blossoming, or rebirth, that occured in Europe and the Ming dynasty with the revival of all things Confucian |
| In Europe, what did the cultural rebirth celebrate and reclaim? | A classical Greek tradition that had earlier been obscured or viewed through the lens of Arabic or Latin translations |
| Where did the Renaissance begin? | In northern Italy among the rich |
| What did the Renaissance find inspiration in? | Ancient art and literature from Greece and Rome (antiquity) |
| What was the Renaissance a weird mix of? | Contemporary peoplle, ancient mythology, and Christianity |
| What did scholars and philosophers reflect on during the Renaissance? | Secular topic such as grammar, history, poetry, and politics |
| What did the secular elements of the Renaissance challenge? | The otherworldliness of Christian culture |
| What did the individualism of the Renaissance signal? | The dawn of a more capitalist economy of private entrepreneurs |
| What happened to the population during the Renaissance? | IT went way up |
| What did lots of trading during the Renaissance do? | Brought lots of cash to Italian merchants |
| Where did the Renaissance pick up? | Where antiquity left off |
| What kinds of ideas did the Renaissance have? | Philosophy, secularism, humanism, and rationalism |
| What is humanism? | Humans are the most important thing |
| What does Renaissance mean? | Rebirth of antiquity |
| In terms of size, how were European oceangoing ventures different from the Chinese? | They were miniscule compared to Zheng He |
| How many ships and crew did Zheng He have? | Hundreds of ships and thousands of crew members |
| How many crew and ships did Columbus have? | Three ships and a crew of 90 |
| How many ships and sailors did De Gama have? | Four ships and 170 sailors |
| Whose wealth were the Europeans seeking on their voyages? | Africa and Asia |
| What else, besides wealth, were the Europeans seeking on their voyages? | Christian converts and possible allies with whome to continue their long crusading struggle against threatening Muslim powers |
| Why was China exploring? | Just to see what was out there |
| What did China not face that Europe did? | An equivalent power |
| Did China need military allies and items that other regions produced? | No |
| Why did China want to end their voyages? | They led nowhere |
| What did China not seek that Europe did? | Conquests, colonies, and conversion of foreigners to Chinese culture and religion |
| What were European expeditions the beginning of? | A journey to world power |
| Where is Prince Henry the Havigator from? | Portugal |
| What did Prince Henry the Navigator do? | Paid for explorers to go to western Africa by boat. He started exploring |
| Who is Columbus? | An Italian who sailed for Spain |
| Where did Columbus go? Where did he think he was? | In Americas, thought he was in India |
| Why did Columbus make his voyage? | The Muslims had made land trading from Europe to Asia difficult |
| What did Da Gama do? | Made it around southern Africa to India |
| When did the Ottomans last from? | 14th century to the early 20th century |
| Where was the Ottoman's territory? | Anatolia, eastern Europe, much of the Middle East, North African coast, and the lands around the Black Sea |
| Who claimed the title of caliph in the Ottoman Empire? What else did these people claim? | Sultans. Also claimed the legacy of the Abbasids |
| What effort did the Ottomans bring? | New unity to the Islamic world |
| Where did the Safavid emerge in and from? | Persia from a Sufi religious order |
| When was the Safavid empire established? | Shortly after 1500 |
| What did the Safavid impose? What did they impose it as? | Shia Islam as being the offical religion of the state |
| What two empires fought periodcally between 1534 and 1639? | The Sunni Ottoman Empire and the Shia Safavid Empire |
| Where did the Songhay Empire rise and when? | West Africa in the second half of the fifteenth century |
| Who was Islam largely limited to in the Songhay Empire? | Urban elites |
| Who was Sonni Ali? | A man in the Songhay Empire who followed Muslim practices but was regarded as a magician with an invisibility charm |
| What was the Songhay Empire a major center for? | Islamic learning/trade |
| Where was the Mughal Empire and who created it and how? | In India. It was created by a Turkic group that invaded India in 1526 |
| What did Mughals do over the sixteenth century? | Gained control of most of India |
| What Mughal Hindu kingdom flourished in the south | Vijayanagara |
| How many empires were there in the second flowering of Islam? | Four |
| How far did the spread of Islam go during its second flowering? | Southeast Asia |
| What city was a major port for Islam? | Malacca, or modern Malaysia |
| What relgions influenced the second flowering of Islam? | Hinduism and Buddhism |
| What did the second flowering of Islam play a major role in? | the 1500s spice exploration periods |
| Who did Turkic Ottomans claim the legacy of? | The earlier Abbasid Empire |
| What did the Turkic Ottomans seek to do? | Bring a renewed unity to the Islamic world |
| What did the Ottoman Turks see themselves as? | Successors to the Roman Empire |
| In 1529,, where did the Ottoman Turks lay siege and why? | Vienna in the heart of Central Europe to expand their empire and Islam |
| What were the Ottomans politically? | Cohesive |
| What did periodic military conflict between the Safavid and the Ottomans reflect? | Both territorial rivalry and sharp religious differences |
| In what direction was the Safavid Empire from the Ottoman? | East |
| Who was the Safavid created by? | A Turkic leader who was from a Sufi religious order |
| What did the Safavid Empire decide to do by 1550? | Forcibly impose a Shia version of Islam as the offical religion of the state |
| What were the Safavid politically? | Cohesive |
| Did the Safavid have military power? | Yes |
| What form of Islam was the Ottoman Empire? | Sunni |
| Did the Ottoman tolerate other religions? | Yes |
| What marked the end of Christian Byzantium? | The seizure of Constantinople |
| What form of Islam was the Safavid Empire? | Shia |
| Who was the monarch in the Songhay Empire? | Sonni Ali |
| What did Sonni Ali do during Ramadan? | Gave alms and fasted in proper Islamic style |
| Did the Songhay have military power? | Yes |
| The Songhay was a substantial Islamic state on the ... ? | African frontier of a still expanding Muslim world |
| Who was the Mughal Empire created by? | An Islamized Turkic group |
| Why did the Mughal have inclusive policies? | To accommodate the Hindu subjects |
| Did the Mughal have military power? | Yes |
| What was the growing faith in Songhay and where was it limited to? | Islam, urban cities |
| What two religions did the Mughal have? | Islam and Hindu |
| What did the Mughal provide religiously? | Religious autonomy for Christians |
| Where was Malacca strategically located? | On the waterway between Sumatra and Malaya |
| During the 15th century, what was Malacca transformed to and from? | From a small fishing village to a major Muslim port city |
| What did Malacca become a springboard for? | The spread of Islam throughout the region |
| What did the Islam of Malacca demonstrate? | Much blending with the local Hindu/Buddhist traditions |
| What did Malacca, like Timbuktu, become? | A center for Islamic learning |
| Where the Aztec Empire begin? | On an island in a lake in modern Mexico city |
| What do we call the Aztec Empire? | Tenochtitlan |
| What did the Aztecs have with two other city states? | A Triple Alliance |
| Did the Azztecs have a strong military? | Yes |
| What did the Aztecs long distance trade include? | Slaves, and some sacrificed |
| What was the Inca's language? | Quechua |
| What was the Incan capital? | Cuzco, or modern Peru |
| What mountain range did the Incas have? | The Andes |
| What did the state own in the Incan Empire? | All land. There was no personal possessions |
| What were Quipus? | Knotted cords used to keep data |
| What did the Incas force conquered people to do? | Learn Quechua, travel to Cuzco for acculturation and acknowledge Inca gods |
| What was mita? | Forced labor for the Incan state |
| What kind of mita, or forced labor, did the Incas have? | Faring, construction, and military |
| Which Empire, the Incan, or Aztec, was the largest? | The Inca |
| Where did the Aztec Empire control? | Part of Mesoamerican cultural regions |
| Where did the Inca state encompass at its height? | The whole of the Andean civilization |
| In the Aztec, what did the Mexica rulers do to their conquered people? | Left them alone |
| What didn't arise in the Aztec that failed to integrate conquered peoples to Aztec culture? | An elaborate administrative system |
| What kind of empire did the Incas have? | A bureaucratic one |
| The Aztecs extracted tribute in the forms of...? | Goods from its populations |
| Where did the INcas primarily extract their labor sources from? | Their subjects |
| What did the Aztecs have a system of and what was it based on? | Commercial exchange that was based on marchants and free markets |
| What did the Incan government play a huge role in? | The production and distribution of goods |
| In which empire: the Incan or Aztec, did the authority of the state penetrate and direct its soceity and economy more? | The Inca |
| What was central to all Aztec life? | The sun |
| Why did the sun require the life-giving force found in human blood in the Aztec empire? | It replenished its energy and postponed the descent into endless darkness |
| What was the high calling of the Aztec state? How did they do it? | To supply the blood for the sun. They did it through wars of expansion and from prisoners of war, who were destined for sacrifice |
| What did sacrifice help to avoid in the Aztec? | Encroaching darkness |
| What did human sacrifice shape in the Aztec? | The techniques of Aztec warfare |
| What did the techniques of Aztec warfare put a premium on? | Capturing prisoners rather than killing the enemy |
| What did Aztec women do within the home? | Cooked, cleaned, spun and wove cloth, raised their children, and undertook ritual activities. |
| What did Aztec women do outside of the home? | They served as officials in palaces, priestesses in temples, traders in markets, teachers, and members of craft workers organizations. |
| In the Andes, who did women worhsip? | The moon with matching religious officials |
| What did Inca women do that was like Aztec women? | Attended to their duties |
| What governed the empire among the Incas? | Parallel hierarchies of male and female political officials |
| In the Andes, what did both genders do when it came to farming? | Men broke the ground, women sowed, and both took part in the harvest |
| What did both the Aztec and Inca societies practice? What is this? | Gender parallelism, where women and men both operate in two seperate but equal spheres, enjoying autonomy in its own sphere |
| What happened to "Chosen Women"? | They were removed from home as a young girl, trained in Inca ideology, and set to producing corn, beer, and cloth at state centers. |
| What later happened to "Chosen Women"? | They were given as wives or sent to serve as priestessess in various temples |
| How were Afro-Eurasian peoples linked before the 15th century? | By long established patterns of trade |
| What happened to the Silk Roads overland trade network in the 15th century and why? | It slowed down because the Mongol Empire broke up and the devastation of the plague reduced demand for its products |
| What did the rise of the Ottoman Empire block? | Direct commercial contact between Europe and China |
| What picked up considerably at the rise of the Ottoman Empire? | Oceanic trade from Japan, Korea, and China through the islands of Southeast Asia and across the Indian Ocean |
| What kind of growth accompanied the economic or industrial revolution? | An unprecedented world population growth |
| What is firestick farming? | Deliberately setting fires, which cleared the underbrush and made hunting easier and encouraged the growth of certain animal and plant species. It was cntrolled and used by Austrialia's Paleolithic peoples. |
| Who is Oba? | A king in Yoruba |
| What is Fulbe? | West Africa's largest pastoralist society, whose members gradually adopted Islam. |
| What are eunuchs? | Castrated men in China who were personally loyal to the emperor and exercised great authority. |
| Who is Noccolo Machiavelli? | An Italian Renaissance writer and politician whose famous work "The Prince" was a prescription for political success |
| Who did Constantinople fall to? | The Ottomans |
| Who are the Janissaries? | The elite infantry force of the Ottoman Empire |
| What is Timbuktu? | A great city of West Africa, noted as a center of Islamic scholarship |
| What is the Triple Alliance (1428)? | Among the Mexica (became the Aztecs) and two other nearby city-states, and launched a highly aggressive program of military conquest, which brought more of Mesoamerica within a single political framework. |
| Who are Pochteca? | Professional merchants in the Aztec Empire whose wealth often elevated them to elite status. |
| What did the Quipus record? | Births, deaths, marriages, and other population data |
| What is Mita? | Incas demands on their conquered people for labor service. It wa periodically required of every household. |
| Where did the Songhay Empire fit into? | The Islamic world of the 15th century |
| Where was the Songhay Empire? | On the West African frontier |
| How did the Songhay Empire fit into the Islamic world of the 15th century? | It was a substantial Islamic state on the West African frontier of the Islamic world |
| What did the Songhay Empire represent? | The furthest westward push of Islam to that point |
| What did the Songhay Empire compromise much of? | Inland western Africa |
| Who traveled to the Islamic port of Malacca? | Muslim travelers |
| How did Muslim travelers describe the Muslim port of Malacca? | As a dangerous and lawless nest of thieves and cheaters |
| What did Arab Muslim travelers in the 15th century notice of Muslims in Malacca? | Their rough behaviour |
| What did Arab Muslim travelers question about the Muslims in Malacca? | Their religiosity |
| Where did Muslim travelers go? | The Islamic port of Malacca |
| Did Tibet and Japan share a common religion? | Yes |
| Did the Arabs and Turks share a common religion? | Yes |
| Did the Mexican and Andean peoples share a common religion? | No |
| Did England and Russia share a common religion? | Yes |
| Although the Mexican and Andean peoples did not share a common religion, what did they do with each other? | Traded |
| What was much of the nation building in Europe in the 15th century driven by? | The needs of war |
| Did a need of transportation contribute to much of the nation building in Europe in the 15th century? | No |
| Did a need of commerce contribute to much of the nation building in Europe in the 15th century? | No |
| Did a need of sexuality contribute to much of the nation building in Europe in the 15th century? | No |
| Did a need of communitcation contribute to much of the nation building in Europe in the 15th century? | No |
| What did Sonni Ali, the king of the Songhay Empire, combine belief in Islam with? | Traditional West African religious practices |
| Did Sonni Ali combine belief in Islam with Christianity? | No |
| Did Sonni Ali combine belief in Islam with Judaism? | No |
| Did Sonni Ali combine belief in Islam with Zoraostrianism? | No |
| Who combined the belief in Islam with traditional West African religous practices in the Songhay Empire? | Sonni Ali, the king of the empire |
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1213CaitlynMullins
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