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WHAP Chapter 17
The Transformation of the West, 1450-1750
| Absolute Monarchy | Govt. concept during rise of nation-states in western Europe during the 17th century; featured monarchs who passed laws without parliaments, appointed professionalized armies and bureaucracies, established state churches, imposed state economic policies |
| Adam Smith | established liberal economics (Wealth of Nations [book], 1776); argued that government should avoid regulation of economy in favor of the operation of market forces |
| Anglican Church | form of Protestantism set up in England after 1534; established by Henry VIII with himself as head, at least in part to obtain a divorce from his first wife; became increasingly Protestant following Henry's death |
| Cervantes | Spanish writer best remembered for 'Don Quixote' which satirizes chivalry and influenced the development of the novel form |
| Enlightenment | intellectual movement centered in France during the 18th century; featured scientific advance, application of scientific methods to study of human society; belief that rational laws could describe social behavior |
| Social Sciences | The scientific study of human society and social relationships. A subject within this field, such as economics or politics. |
| Johannes Gutenberg | introduced movable type to western Europe in 15th century; credited with greatly expanded availability of printed books and pamphlets |
| John Kay | 1733, a Brit who invented the fly shuttle. Made it possible for one person instead of two to operate a loom in textile manufacturing. It increased the output of woven material and therefore also the demand for yarn. |
| Deism | concept of God current during the Scientific Revolution; role of divinity was to set natural laws in motion, not to regulate [it] once process was begun |
| Marianne Ehrmann | Used her journal to suggest men might be partly blame for women's lowly position. |
| Niccolo Machiavelli | author of The Prince (16th century); emphasized realistic discussions of how to seize and maintain power; one of the most influential authors of Italian Renaissance |
| Parliamentary Monarchy | originated in England and Holland, 17th century, with kings partially checked by significant legislative powers in parliaments |
| Scientific Revolution | culminated in 17th century; period of empirical advance associated with the development of wider theoretical generalizations; resulted in change in traditional beliefs of Middle Ages |
| Thirty years War | war within the Holy Roman Empire between German Protestants and their allies (Sweden, Denmark, France) and [against] the emperor and his ally, Spain; ended in 1648 after great destruction with the Treaty of Westphalia; lasted from 1618-1648 |
| Louis XIV | French monarch of the late 17th century who personalized absolute monarchy |
| Mary Wollstonecraft | Enlightenment feminist thinker in England; argued that new political rights should extend to women |
| Jean Calvin | 16th cent. French Protestant who stressed predestination. Established center of his group at Swiss canton of Geneva; encouraged ideas of wider access to government, wider public education. Calvinism spread from Switzerland to N Europe to N America |
| Jesuits | a new religious order founded during the Catholic Reformation; active in politics, education, and missionary work [regained some parts of Europe for the church]; sponsored missions to South America, North America, and Asia |
| 95 Theses | Propositions; nailed to the door of the castle church in Wittenberg. |
| Martin Luther | German monk; initiated Protestant Reformation in 1517 by nailing 95 theses to door of Wittenberg church; emphasized primacy of faith over works stressed in Catholic church; accepted state control of church |
| Liberty and Equality | historically controversial philosophy. John Locke felt liberty only existed when there is no superior power over an individual |
| Lutheranism | teachings of Martin Luther emphasizing the cardinal doctrine of justification by faith alone. |
| Encyclopedia Britannica | Leading writers and compilations of scientific and philosophical findings |
| Glorious Revolution | English overthrow of James II in 1688; resulted in affirmation of parliament as having basic sovereignty over the king |
| Humanism | focus on humankind as center of intellectual and artistic endeavor; method of study that emphasized the superiority of classical forms over medieval styles, in particular the study of ancient languages |
| Frederick the Great | Prussian king of the 18th century; attempted to introduce Enlightenment reforms into Germany; built on military and bureaucratic foundations of his predecessors; introduced freedom of religion; increased state control of economy |
| Witchcraft (persecution) | Reflected resentment against poor (accused by communities unwilling to accept responsibility for poverty)100000 Europeans die 1590-1650. Common in Protestant areas; unprecedented outburst against witches arose in parts of W Europe and New England |
| Treaty of Westphalia | ended Thirty Years' War in 1648; granted right to individual rulers within the Holy Roman Empire to choose their own religion-either Protestant or Catholic |
| Boccaccio | helped raise literature in the vernacular to the respectability of classical texts. Foundation of humanist literature. Decameron believed to influence Canterbury Tales. |
| Rabelais | In his book Gargantua and Pantagruel, Francois Rabelais uses satire to address the dislocation felt by Renaissance Humanists. |
| Predestination | prior determination of those who would be saved [by God]; Calvinism insisted on God's predestination (prior determination) of those who would be saved |
| Edict of Nantes | grant of tolerance to Protestants in France in 1598; granted only after lengthy civil war between Catholic and Protestant factions [faction- a group of people forming a minority within a larger body, especially a dissentious group] |
| Indulgences | Indulgence Controversy which was largely responsible for the Protestant Reformation. wealth that the church derived from its great political power had begun to corrupt it. |
| Catherine the Great | Empress of Russia who cont. Peter's goal to Westernizing Russia.Created new law code, greatly expanded Russia,encouraged science, art, lierature. Became one of Europe's powerful nations. Appearance of enlightened rule. Accept W culture |
| Protestantism | general wave of religious dissent against Catholic church; generally held to have begun with Martin Luther's attack on Catholic beliefs in 1517; included many varieties of religious beliefs |
| Isaac Newton | English scientist during the 17th century; author of Principia; drew the various astronomical and physical observations and wider theories together in a neat framework of natural laws; established principles of motion; defined forces of gravity |
| Henry VIII | established the Anglican Church. |
| Capitalism | economic system characterized by private or corporate ownership of capital goods, by investments that are determined by private decision, and by prices, production, and the distribution of goods that are determined mainly by competition in a free market |
| Leonardo Da Vinci | Italian painter, engineer, musician, and scientist. Versatile genius of the Renaissance, Filled notebooks with engineering & scientific observations in some cases centuries ahead of their time. Best known for The Last Supper (c. 1495)& Mona Lisa (c. 1503) |
| Northern Renaissance | Cultural and intellectual movement of N Europe. Began later than Italian Renaissance circa 1450 [Italian Renaissance began circa 1400] centered in France, Low Countries, England, and Germany; featured greater emphasis on religion than Italian Renaissan |
| Elizabeth I | This queen of England chose a religion between the Puritans and Catholics and required her subjects to attend church or face a fine. She also required uniformity and conformity to the Church of England, was the daughter of Henry the 8th. |
| Rene Descartes | established importance of skeptical review of all received wisdom (17th century); argued that human reason could then develop laws that would explain the fundamental workings of nature |
| Copernicus | Polish monk and astronomer (16th century); disproved Hellenistic belief that the Earth was at the center of the universe |
| William Shakespeare | transformed European theatre by expanding expectations about what could be accomplished through characterization, plot, language and genre. Shaped english language |
| John Locke | English philosopher during 17th century; argued that people could learn everything through [the] senses and reason; argued that power of government came from the people, not divine right of kings; offered possibility of revolution to overthrow tyrants |
| Denis Diderot | French philosopher who was a leading figure of the Enlightenment in France, encyclopedia which was banned by the French king and pope. |
Created by:
caitlyn.chambers
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