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History Exam
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Theocracy | government run by religious leaders |
| Middle Passage | the leg of the triangular trade route on which slaves were transported from Africa to Americas |
| Armada | fleet of ships |
| Indulgence | in the Roman Catholic Church, pardon for sins committed during a person's lifetime |
| Cavaliers | supporters of Charles I |
| English Bill of Rights | series of acts passed by the English Parliament in 1689 that limited the rights of the monarchy and ensured the superiority |
| Petition of Right | prohibited Charles from raising taxes or unjustly jailing people without Parliaments consent |
| Huguenot | French Protestants of the 1500s and 1600s |
| Wealth of Nations | book where Smith argued free market should be allowed to regulate business activity |
| Triangular Trade | colonial trade routes among Europe and its colonies,the West Indies, and Africa in which goods were exchanged for slaves |
| Peninsulare | member of the highest class in Spain's colonies in the Americas |
| Committee of Public Safety | 12 member group, raised taxes and in charge of trials and executions and threats to France |
| Counter Reformation | The reaction of the Roman Catholic Church to the Reformation reaffirming the veneration of saints and the authority of the Pope |
| Inflation | economic cycle that involves a rapid rise in prices linked to a sharp increase in the amount of money available |
| St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre | while Huguenot and catholic nobles were gathered for a royal wedding, a plot by catholic royals led to the massacre of 3,000 Huguenots; symbolized complete breakdown of order in France |
| Humanism | an intellectual movement at the heart of the Renaissance that focused on education and the classics |
| Roundheads | supporters of Parliament |
| Treaty of Tordesillas | treaty signed between Spain and Portugal in 1494 which divided the non-European world between them |
| Capitalism | economic system in which the means of production are privately owned and operated for profit |
| Edict of Nantes | law issued by French king Henry IV in 1598 giving more religious freedom to French Protestants |
| Glorious Revolution | when William and Mary took throne; no blood shed |
| Absolute Monarchy | ruling system in with one ruler has complete authority over the government and lives of the people he or she governs |
| Aztec Empire | single ruler, powerful middle class, polytheistic, believed illness was punishment from god, developed hieroglyphics and calendar |
| Siglo de Oro | Spanish golden age of art and literature |
| Reign of Terror | time period during the French Revolution from September 1793 to July 1794 when people in France were arrested for not supporting the revolution and many were executed |
| Patron | a person who provides financial support for the arts |
| Anabaptist | believed in the primacy of the Bible, baptized only believers, not infants, and believed in complete separation of church and state |
| Plantation | large estate run by an owner or overseer and worked by laborers who live there |
| Conquistador | Spanish explorers who claimed lands in the Americas for Spain in the 1500s and 1600s |
| Oligarchy | governments in which ruling power belongs to a few people |
| Bourgeoisie | the middle class |
| Pilgrim | English Protestants who rejected the Church of England |
| Tariff | tax on imported goods |
| Multatoo | in Spain’s colonies in the Americas, person who was of African and European descent |
| English Civil War | was between supporters of King Charles I and the supporters of the LongParliament; parliament won |
| Cartographer | mapmaker |
| Bastille | fortess in Paris used; French Revolution began when Parisians stormed it in 1789 |
| Predestination | Calvinist belief that God long ago determined who would gain salvation |
| Council of Trent | a group of Catholic leaders that met between 1545 and 1563 to respond to Protestant challenges and direct the future of the Catholic Church |
| Immunity | natural protection, resistance |
| Compact | an agreement among people |
| Laissez Faire | policy allowing business to operate with little or no government interference; "hands off" |
| Peace of Westphalia | series of treaties that ended the Thirty Years' War |
| Estates General | legislative body made up of representatives of the three estates in pre-Revolutionary France |
| Inca Empire | efficient government, created great roads network; strict daily life; great metalworkers; medical advances- surgeries; center of learning and political power |
| Mestizo | person in Spain's colonies in the Americas who was of the Native American and European descent |
| 30 Years War | (who initially fought; Catholics vs Protestants |
| Henry VIII | catholic king of England; got parliament to pass laws making him head of Church of England, took over church of England because he wanted to overthrow the divorce rule so he could marry Anne Boleyn and have a son |
| William & Mary | “glorious revolution” took throne |
| Magellan | 1st person to circumnavigate the world |
| John Locke | from England, wrote 2 treaties of government, thought all people were basically good, reasonable, and moral; wanted less government and more freedom |
| Mary Wolstonecraft | British, wrote a Vindication of the Rights of Woman |
| Leonardo da Vinci | very talented artist , wrote in notebooks all his life in a special code |
| Martin Luther | taught bibles for everyone, bible only source of truth, salvation through faith; helped shape protestant reformation, wrote 95 theses |
| Peter the Great | Russian; expanded Russia, modernized it, used fear to gain control |
| Johann Guttenberg | invented printing press |
| Thomas Hobbes | English; wrote Leviathan, believed in powerful government, thought people were naturally bad |
| Isaac Newton | theory that gravity is force that keeps planets in motion; contributed gravity and calculus |
| Michelangelo | sculptor, engineer, painter, architect and poet; been called a melancholy genius, one of his greatest projects was the Sistine Chapel paintings, most famous design was dome of St. Peter’s Cathedral |
| Vasco da Gama | discovered Calicut, India |
| Pope Alexander VI | drew the line of Demarcation established in the Treaty of Tordesillas |
| Montesquieu | French; wrote Spirit of Laws, felt the best way to protect liberty was to divide government among 3 branches: legislative, executive, and judicial……not absolute monarchy |
| Niccoli Machiavelli | wrote The Prince, in that book he argued leaders should do whatever it takes to achieve goals |
| Copernicus | thought sun was center, not earth; Persecuted because teachings contradicted ancient world, threatened with death-got house arrest for life. |
| Frederick William I | Prussian ruler who came to power upon death of his father; gained loyalty of Prussian nobles by giving them positions in army and government; his tactics reduced noble independence and increased his control , formed best trained army in Europe |
| Louis XIV | believed in his divined right to rule, he expanded bureaucracy and appointed intend ants (royals officials who collected taxes), recruited soldiers, and carried out policies in provinces; built French army into strongest and Europe |
| Columbus | Discovered the America's |
| Voltaire | French; believed you should say what you think |
| Adam Smith | Scottish; wrote the Wealth of Nations; argued that free market should be allowed to regulate business |
| Elizabeth I | became a rallying symbol for Protestants and target for Catholics; became queen of England at 25, used talents to unify England, expand international power, and encourage a period of great artistic flowering |
| Cardinal Mazarin | appointed by Louis XIII as chief minister, Richelieu sought to destroy power of Huguenots and nobles |
| Philip II | from Spain; centralized government, fought wars, took complete authority |
| Louis XVI | King during the French Revolution |
| John Calvin | Bible alone, predestination; impact of teachings: theocracy in Geneva |
| Marie Antoinette | Last queen of france |
| Jacques Necker | Fired for suggesting to tax 1st and 2nd estate |
| Cortez | formed alliances with Aztec enemies-helped Cortez by giving him more man |
| Robespierre | Large role in the French Revolution and the great terror |
| Pizarro | inspired by Cortés, he was interested in Inca Empire, captured Atahualpa and slaughtered thousands of Incas; Overranthe heartland, killed by a rival Spanish faction a few years after establishing the city of Lima |
Created by:
swilhelms
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