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HIS 120
WWII Terms
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| War to End All Wars | Woodrow Wilson only said once entrance to war necessary HG Wells articles and Book same phrase |
| Total War | Affected everyone, no distinguishing civilian and soldier, home front, industrialization of war |
| Treaty of Versailles | 28 June 1919 did not work, dismantled and disarmed Germany and made to pay for war. John Maynard Keynes milk but not ruin Germans not under Germ govt |
| Dada Manifesto | Zurich 1916 DaDa=absurd=what you can make out of yourself |
| Lebt DaDa | Art/Architecture movement, R. Mutt 1917 urinal on its side rise of culture =arena for conflict |
| Passing of the Great Race | interbreeding in America leading to degeneration "America must remain American" Immigration Act 1924 BeckvBell 1927 3gen imbeciles enough Sterilization for Human Betterment 1929 |
| Nationalism | identification between the individual and the state symbols, myths, shared sense of history. the way people identify with the nation in which they live the gov’t can earn people’s loyalty by performing well. Flags are strong symbols of nationalism |
| Commodore Perry 1953 | arrived in Japan in 1853 to try and create a trade treaty. Told Japanese he would return in 1854 |
| Commodore Perry 1954 | Arrives in large warships in 1854, but he “comes in peace”. Only speaks to top leadership. The negotiations that followed opened two ports to U.S. trade vessels |
| Japanese Response to Commodore Perry | Divided: positive, trade will be good for Japan. Annoyed/angered - trade was, in a sense, forced on them by Perry, his demands and his warships. Following the treaty negotiations, Japan was a mess and began the Meiji Restoration. |
| Russo-Japanese War | 8 Feb 1904 - 5 Sept 1905 grew out of rival imperial ambitions of the Russia/Japan over Manchuria and Korea.Russia wanted/needed to open a port(Port Arthur Sea Japan)Japanese=victory shows plan for modernization is working. |
| Negotiations for Russo-Japanese War | Negotiations between Japan and Russia fail Teddy Roosevelt offers to mediate earns Nobel Peace Prize for his efforts Japan believed Russia pay for the war losing country.decided that no one would pay the indemnity. Japan is mad says Roosevelt=racist |
| Gentlemen’s Agreement | an informal agreement U.S. would not pass restictions of Japanese immigration and Japan would not allow further emigration to the U.S.goal was to reduce tensions between the nations.agreement never ratified by Congress plays into Japanese resentment of US |
| The Good Earth | Pearl S. Buck best selling 1931-32 Chinese people are decent people who love their land and their nation and they can be trusted. China=land, history, people American propaganda=China honest decent peaceful.China=friend[1930’s-40’s]Japan=bad |
| Rape of Nanking | mass murder and war rape that occurred during the six-week period following the Japanese capture of the city of Nanking on 13 December 1937. Roughly 250,000 dead. b. During this period, hundreds of thousands of Chinese civilians and disarmed soldiers |
| Mussolini | Dictator of Italy from 1930 to 1943, destroyed all political opposition through secret police and outlawed strikes.Uses symbols of nationalism/portays himself as freedomfighter Giuseppe Garibaldi/Unites Italy by blaming foreign evils for Italy’s problems |
| Fascism | latin term “fasces”=bundle of sticks wrapped around an axe=administrative power.Elements: Nationalism/Militarism/Expansionism/Contempt for rule of law/Totalism/Spectacle. arises in damaged nations politically and economically |
| NSDAP | 1920 National Socialist German Workers Party=unite all Germans in greater Germany Lebensraum“living space,”land+resources of E.Europe available by killing/sterilizing/enslaving natives German blood/no Jews Hitler=head of NSDAP same time Mussolini=power |
| The Big Lie | from Mein Kampf, 1925-1926. A lie that was so big, people could not believe that it was a lie. People “more readily fall victim to the big lie than the small lie, since they themselves often tell small lies...” |
| Arbeit Macht Frei | "Work Makes Free". Labor makes you free. Slogan placed over the entrances to Nazi concentration camps [like Dachau] |
| Night of the Long Knives | all not on board with the Hitler agenda were killed June 30 - July 2, 1934 Nazi regime carried out political murders purging Germany of the unfit leader figures/at least 85 people were killed during the Night of Long Knives and many others arrested. |
| Spanish Civil War | military coup under Gen. Francisco Franco/ Hitler/Mussolini arm Franco forces/Stalin joins opposition=Republican gov’t Italy/Germany=Nationalists Spanish Civil War=a rehearsal for WWII(“precision”bombing (Guernica) deportation of prisoners to death camps) |
| Nye Commission | 1934-36 investigation commissioned by FDR Nye discoved"merchants of death"drawing connections btwn wartime profits of banking and munitions industries to American involvement in WWI/Americans =betrayed=isolationism |
| Neutrality Acts | 1935:embargo and travel-at-risk provisions. 1936:forbids loans/credits to belligerents include munitions/vehicles/oils/gas.1937: extended to civil wars/added Cash&Carry. America would become a legally neutral nation/sinking Lusitania=why ship clause added |
| Cash and Carry | You can buy stuff as a belligerent nation as long as you pay cash and carry the goods away. America won’t send belligerents aid, but they can come pick it up. Peak of Roosevelt’s power during Great Depression aides passing of Cash and Carry |
| 1936 Olympics | Germany hosts. Put on display of Germany’s power and wealth under Hitler. This made Germany look really good and many visitors felt Germany was thriving and Germany used the Olympics as a way to appease international relations |
| Anschluss | 1938:Hitler sees Austrians part ofThird Reich. Unrest in Austria=excuse to “preserve peace”. Prime Minister visits Hitler ‘sympathy’ turns aggressive-give Austria to Germany=peace policy of deliberate dishonesty |
| Sudetenland | Ethnic Germans oppressed in Czechoslovakia says Hitler.3 million Jews in Czech he"has his eye on"always intended to destroy Czechoslovakia. 10/1/1938 to invade Czech. Britain/France cede Chamberlain to Hitler agrees to cede Sudetenland but he wants Chech |
| Night of the Broken Glass | Jewish assassin kills German diplomat November 9-10, 1938 Germans make coordinated attacks. Kristallnacht carried out by SS & Germans/vandalize Jewish homes/rape&pillage/murder Jews High Germans say should have killed more and destroyed less |
| Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact | Nazi-Soviet Pact - 23 August 1939. Very clear that Britain and France will not bring forth adequate defense for Soviets should they be attacked by Germany. Nazis and Soviets sign pact and divide up Poland and other lands. Allows Soviets to invade Finland |
| Der Sitzkrieg/ Phony War/ a.k.a. Twilight War or Bore War | for several months, directly after declaring war on Germany, France and GB did not make any marked attempts to launch an offensive against Germany.“Hitler wins News Round 1 in war. gives Germans a tremendous success story” Ally Soldiers were bored |
| Winter War | Soviets invade Finland, November 1939-March 1940 (part of Molotov-Ribbentrop pact) USSR kicked out of League of Nations. Stalin weakened his own army Killing all his generals.Soviets unprepared to fight Finland in snow.Molotov Cocktail to disable tanks. |
| Dunkirk | May 1940 Britain cut off from France’s forces.Encircled by Germans backed into port of Dunkirk. Germans halt attacks allowing British to retreat forced to leave behind all their stuff. 1st time Royal Air Force fights the Luftwaffe. Fall of Paris |
| Vichy France | Vichy=government of southern“free” France.collaborated with the Axis powers 1939:passed law allowing internment of immigrants.Vichy gov’t under control of Marshal Petain.repealed anti-racist laws 3 October 1940:Jews barred 4 Oct 1940:interned foreign Jews |
| Battle of Britain | July to October 1940. Germany’s air campaign against Britain. First true campaign by the Luftwaffe. Failed to force Churchill to surrender. Considered the first true defeat Germany faced, when they failed to destroy GB’s air defenses |
| The Blitz | Starting in September 1940; nighttime bombing of Great Britain cities. Bombing is propaganda boost for Britain; intention was to force civilian surrender in Britain but failed. used attacks to rally Americans to the British cause.The Blitz as a message |
| Winston Churchill | supporter and successor of Chamberlain as Prime Minister of Great Britain. Writes speeches in Iambic Pentameter. d. Became Prime Minister at same time as German invasion of France. “We shall never surrender” |
| The New Roman Empire | Mussolini wants Italy to be the New Roman Empire going back to the old ways like reclaiming North Africa or adopting the Fasces as a nod to Rome. Most likely one Mussolini’s reasons for invading Greece.He also wanted to reclaim the Mediterranean Sea. |
| Charles Lindbergh | a famous pilot and suspected NAZI sympathizer.spokesman America 1st Committee opposed war but changed mind after pearl Harbor.flew combat missions in the Pacific as civilian consultant FDR refused to reinstate his army air corp colonel’s commission |
| Lend-Lease | Britain was running out of gold to pay for supplies under cash-and-carry 3/11/41 congress passes Lend-Lease Act effectively ending the US neutrality. Allowed US to materially aid Britain, Soviet Union, China even before they were officially in the war. |
| Four Freedoms | freedom of speech, freedom of worship, freedom from want and freedom from fear. - US would be “Arsenal of Democracy” - Ended isolationism, in line with public opinion |
| America First Committee | An isolationist political action group formed in 9/40. In it’s lifespan of a little over a year, ending 12/7/41, it had 800,000 members making it one of the largest anit-war groups in the pre-war era. Notable members: Lindbergh/JFK/Disney/Sen. Nye |
| Lebensraum | German for living space One of the doctrines that informed Hitler’s military conquests. His theory was that the superior German race needed more room to live, and it was Nazi policy to exterminate, deport, or enslave the Slavic races occupying those areas |
| Untermenschen | • Term used in NAZI ideology to refer to the “inferior people” including Jews, Slavs, Gypsies, and Homosexuals |
| Rudolf Hess | Hitler’s official lieutenant, warned Hitler not to invade USSR disowned by Hitler as mentally ill because he flew to Britain for peace talks/made a prisoner of war. given life in prison during Nuremberg Trials |
| The Great Patriotic War | Soviet Union name for WWII. So-called because during the war Stalin gained support by recalling great Russian heroes during the Czarist era, which was unusual for a state whose ideology condemned that era.“Comrades, citizens, brothers and sisters” |
| Siege of Leningrad | prolonged military operation by German Army Group North against Leningrad from 8 Sept 1941-27 Jan 1944, 872 days. one of the longest/destructive sieges most costly in terms of casualties=over 1.5 million genocide by starvation by the Nazi party |
| Operation Barbarossa | first major failure 2 Jun 1941-5 Dec of that year. violation of the treaty Stalin unprepared for war allowed Germans to advance winter=Germans not prepared Soviets able to push them back a bit. continued to fight in the USSR until around 1943 |
| Infamy Speech | Dec 8 1941 FDR addresses Congress about the Attack on Pearl Harbor “A date which will live in infamy”. FDR asks Congress for Declaration of War. Japan did not declare war on the US prior to attacking Pearl Harbor |
| Japanese Internment | 1942 Japanese Americans and Japanese on pacific coast of US to camps called war relocation camps. FDR authorized internment with Exec Order 9066. people pushing for internment didn’t have access to enigma, those who did didn’t use it to intern |
| Korematsu vs US | Supreme Court only says its ok to remove enemy aliens from a war zone... not that you could put them in camps. |
| Dachau | First German concentration camp established in 1933 -used to house political prisoners -Liberated by US 7th army on 5/5/45 |
| Wannsee Conference | Jan 20, 1942, Heydrich and Himmler plans for the “Final Solution to the Jewish Question” Heydrich appointed chief executor, senior Nazi officials all grouped for meeting/Decided that Jews will be deported to concentration camps |
| Jewish Ghettos | Created by the third reich/Confined jews into tightly packed areas within cities/First large scale ghetto in 1940 Lodz,Poland then Warsaw/walled off and enclosed in barbed wire/ |
| Final Solution | -”Final Solution to the Jewish Question” -Jewish genocide and deportation -Laid out by Heinrich Himmler, and executed by Reinhard Heydrich -Industrialized extermination |
| Zyklon B | German cyanide-based pesticide -first tested on Soviet Prisoners in Auschwitz, in September of 1941 -pumped into gas chambers |
| Evian Conference | FDR convened a conference in Evian-les-Bains, France to discuss increasing number of jewish refugees from Germany and Austria.Ended with US and Britain taking an few refugees,only Dominican Republic increases their numbers of jews |
| SS Saint Louis | German ocean liner captained by Gustav Schroder o -In 1939 it carried 937 jewish refugees. They were denied by Cuba, America, and Canada. Forced to return to Europe. A quarter of the passengers died in concentration camps |
| judenrat | To maintain order in ghettos, Nazis established a jewish council or “ judenrat” in places like Lodz. |
| Operation Reinhard | 1942 many jews, especially Poles were deported to the concentration camp after the Nazis liquidated the ghettos |
| Labor Board in 1942 | Workers at smaller steel companies only given modest wage increases for duration of war. not above 15% increase Eventually applied to nearly every important industry |
| Revenue Act of 1942 | close to tripled number of taxpayers • gave corporations incentive use war investment to shelter war profits • began with holding in 1943; IRS • taxes will defeat the axis |
| Selective Service Acts | • 1940 age 21-36 • 1942 age 18-65 • army wants <45, ideally <26 • exempted on occupational, family basis • segregation rampant • 5.7 million men in army |
| Private Snafu | cartoon character in WWII propaganda shorts, an army private who often complained about the dreariness of life on an army Name stood for “Situation Normal, All F#%ked Up” |
| Casablanca Conference 1943 | Churchill, FDR, de Gaulle, and Giraud met in Casablanca, Morocco o -Combined bomber offensive, “unconditional surrender”, A mediterranean campaign through Sicily and Italy in lieu of cross channel invasion, allocate 30% effort to the Pacific |
| Edvard Benes | • -Leader of the Czech governement-in-exile in London -Planned Operation Anthropoid; wanted to make himself relevant |
| The Butcher of Prague | Reinhard Heydrich, high ranking official of Hitler’s SS |
| Operation Anthropoid | a plan to assassinate the “Butcher of Prague” Heydrich by Czechs -While the operation was a success, the Nazis turned Heydrich into a martyr and retaliated by infiltrating the Czech underground resistance and destroying the village of Lidice |
| General Arthur “Bomber” Harris | aka butcher harris… during the latter half of WWII, in 1942 Harris was tasked with implementing area bombing.Harris assisted British RAF in carrying out most devastating attacks against Germany.Preference for area bombing over precision targeting |
| Treblinka | extermination camp created under Operation Reinhard,part of a plan to exterminate all the Polish Jews possible.operated from 1942-43 over 850,000 were killed. Killing operations ceased when the prisoners rebelled and 300 escaped. |
| Battle of the Atlantic | Germany U-boats/Churchill said U-boats were only thing he feared/US put more ships in the water and the battle really began/US started sending aircrafts to spot u-boats/battleships were able to sink u-boats |
| Guadalcanal | 8/7/42 - 2/9/43 US marines invade the island of Guadalcanal to deny the Japanese an airbase (Henderson Field) Brutal fighting, horrible conditions. Shown on the homefront as a sweeping American victory |
| Stalingrad | Hitler=capture Stalingrad=symbolic.1942, Russia loses 29% of army/1st 48 hours more people killed then the entire Blizkrieg campaign. Germans did not have enough supplies to continue campaign, Russia builds up resources/November Russians encircle Germans |
| Landing Ship Tank [LST] | • Naval vessels that supported amphibious landings that carried personnel, cargo, and vehicles to unimproved shores |
| Landing Craft,Vehicle Personnel [LCVP] | Smaller boats used to bring military crews to shore during amphibious landings. The “Higgins Boat” is an example of this type of vessel. Higgins Boat, used for amphibious landings. Propellor within the boat hull to allow the boat to go onto beaches |
| Operation Husky | 7/43 invasion of Sicily US-GB operation. The Germans showed heavy resistance, and the terrain was bad for tanks making the Allied advance even more difficult.objective was to get to the Italian mainland to fight Germans |
| George S. Patton | U.S. general in the landing at Sicily. For reasons unknown, he decided to take over the city Palermo to the west in Sicily, even though the objective was to invade Italy. Was a prime example of the undisciplined conduct by the Allies in the Sicily landing |
| Bernard Montgomery | Commanded the 8th Army, was in charge of infantry for Operation Overlord. Tank Commander |
| Strategic bombing | the use of air power to change how the war will be fought. designed out of theory/ideal. Through this, cities become legitimate targets. A fear rises that these weapons will reach the civilians more quickly than the enemy |
| Precision bombing | bombing of a small target with extreme accuracy, to limit any side-effect damage |
| Area bombing | Bomb anything/everything regardless |
| Bombing of Guernica | 26 April 1937/During the Spanish Civil War Hitler used the conflict to test the Luftwaffe.bombing was very destructive and killed many civilians. Helped Germany’s air force gain some experience which it would use in the initial years of World War II |
| Bombing of Hamburg | 7/1943 Hamburg, Germ. big war production center; combined day/night offensive w/ Brit. nightly air raids; 40,000 ppl killed, 700 tons of bombs on city; created firestorms and smoke for days, lowered German morale showed destruction of bombing |
| Pointblank Directive | (June 1943) charge to destroy the Luftwaffe. It was in preparation for Operation Overlord. |
| Ploesti, Romaina | Aug 1943 Operation Tidal Wave/Air attack by US air force based in Libya/Attacked nine refineries around Ploetsi/Was a strategic bombing initiative, to deny oil and fuel to the Axis powers Did little damage/Germans fortified it with anti-gun fighter |
| P51 Mustang | • Long range US built fighter & fighter/bomber, helped assure aerial superiority in 1944. Escorted bombers in raids over Germany |
| Operation Overlord | Battle of Norway, D-Day landings |
| Omaha Beach | A landing zone that experienced the worst bloodshed of the D Day landings |
| Battle of Kursk | in the east, Aug 1943/the biggest tank/air battle in history. Showed tactical superiority on the eastern front.Soviets outnumbered Germans 3 to 1 and 4 to 1 in aircraft. There were too many soldiers in the Red Army. Hitler proved to be a terrible general |
| Paris uprising | August 12-25, 1944/local communist resistance started an uprising/The Gaullists were alarmed tried to quell the uprising but failed/Paris not considered important in the Allies’ invasion of France but this uprising made them take it anyway |
| V-2 | German supersonic ballistic missile • “retaliation” for allied bombing of german cities... would be the forerunner to American and Soviet Space Programs |
| Battle of the Bulge | December 1944 to January 1945 • -Weather is too poor, Americans can’t launch air support -Americans manage to hang on, despite being outnumbered by Germans |
| Bombing of Dresden | Britain and the U.S. set the city on fire with the intention of destroying it. images of this event become public in the spring of 1945. They show corpses, skeletons, and piles of dead bodies. “living skeletons” |
| V - E Day | 8 May 1945, Nazi Germany surrenders to allies. ends WWII in Europe/the Allies met each other in Saxony. this date was actually the ratification of the German surrender in Berlin (Germans signed the surrender document the day before at Reims) |
| World War II | September 1, 1939-May 8, 1945 |
| Operation Ichigo | spring/summer 1944 Japanese on the offensive in China aiming for the south of China. The Americans that were in China at the time were ahead of the Japanese advance, burning what was left of their airfields in China. |
| Battle for Saipan | (June 1944) 9 days after D-Day, the U.S. launches the invasion on the Mariana Islands. -amphibious warfare -land on the beach and move swiftly forward. -8,000 troops in 20 mins, 100,000 after a few days on the shore against Japanese garrison |
| Battle of Leyte Gulf | last time in history that two battleships have fought first battle in which Japanese aircraft carried out organized kamikaze attacks |
| Battle of Iwo Jima | Feb-March 1945/small island full of sulfur vents and volcanic rock good for landing, so they could fly more safely -they couldn’t destroy their concrete facilities and decided to invade. 20,000 of the 21,000 Japanese died. 6,000 marines died. |
| Firebombing of Tokyo | (March, 1945) “Bomb and burn ‘em until they quit.”- Curtis Lemay. B-29’s fly to Tokyo and four simply orbit the city, others fly low, strip a ton of weaponry from each B-29 so they can carry that much more bombs |
| Navajo code-talkers | the U.S. deploys Navajos to the fields so the Japanese would not be able to understand and the U.S. would be able to communicate |
| Battle of Okinawa | April 1945 Aimed to invade the homelands of Japan. perfect position/Marines were virtually unopposed/sheer numbers on the side of the allies/certain degree of desperation/American victory/jarring 70,000 out of 77,000 were dead/mass Japanese suicide |
| Kamikaze missions | Japanese pilots that committed suicide by running their planes into United States carriers and airplanes. Demonstrated to the Americans that the Japanese would never surrender Okinawa kamiazki poilets sank 29 American ships.often given fuel only to crash |
| Operation Olympic | Part one of Operation Downfall intended to capture southern part of Japanese island of Kyushu by using Okinawa as a staging point for planes. They wanted to build airbases on Kyushu to help with part two of Operation Downfall which was Operation Coronet |
| Manhattan Project | 1942-1946 Groves and Oppenheimer/ many scientists who help build atomic weapon were from Germany because hitler viewed nuclear physics as jewish discipline/Truman=president clear that atomic bomb viabl. never a question to use bomb only when/where/how |
| Bretton Woods conference | 6/44 nations united against fascism 44 nations addresses fundamental causes of war/economic cooperation needed to be foundation for peaceful postwar world |
| Yalta conference | Feb 1945 Churchill+FDR to Stalin/The Red Army= most powerful military but not most technologically advanced FDR wanted Stalin to enter war in Japan, promising to restore lost lands/Agreement of Poland is so elastic, did not bind Soviets to anything |
| United Nations | coined by FDR 1st used on 1 Jan 1942 in Declaration by United Nations. The UN Charter was signed on 26 June 1945 by those 50 reps. UN officially came into existence on 24 October 1945 when ratified by China/France/UUSR/UK/US/other |
| Potsdam conference | July – August 1945 near Berlin the last of the WWII heads of state conferences to discuss post-war arrangements in Europe, without coming to much compromise on agreements. |
| Nuremberg Trials | 1945-46 allies decided to put SS officers to trial death sentence/others life in prison.law for crimes against humanity. Idea of Tu quoque or you did it too; the primary objection was that the trial was under the victors who had committed similar crimes |
| World Bank | 1946 Post WWII created to aid primarily Allied nations to rebuild the world. It took 1/3 of the world bank to rebuild France alone. Significant because it aided Allied nations first, and helped aid Axis later |
| Potsdam Declaration | The Pacific war was covered by the Potsdam Declaration. The ultimatum was that Japan must immediately agree to unconditionally surrender or else face destruction. |
| B-29 Superfortress | heavy bomber flown primarily by the US at end of WWII.one of the largest aircraft/very advanced features pressurized cabin/electronic fire-control system/remote-controlled machine-gun turrets. used to drop atomic bombs |
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