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Chpt 1 pre-history
peopling of the world
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| first hominids [1:1] | appeared in Africa approximately 4,000,000 BC |
| Paleolithic Age [1:1] | the "old stone age" lasted from 2.5 million to 8000 BC; stone chopping tools used |
| Neolithic Age [1:1] | "new stone age" period between 8000 - 3000 BC; pottery, crops, and domestication of animals |
| artifacts [1:1] | remains such as bones, jewelry, tools, and man-made objects that hint at how people lived |
| culture [1:1] | people group's unique way of life: language, religion, art, behavior, relationships, institutions, technology |
| Mary Leakey [1:1] | archaeologist who discovered footprints in 1978 in Tanzania of australopithecines (hominids that walked upright) |
| "Lucy" [1:1] | name given to remains of female hominid found in Ethiopia; at 3.5 million years old, oldest known to date |
| technology [1:1] | ways in which people have used knowledge, tools, and inventions to meet their needs |
| Homo Erectus [1:1] | "upright man"; hominid believed to be the fist to use technology such as sophisticated digging tools and fire-to cook, hunt, protect, and keep warm |
| Homo Sapiens [1:1] | species name for modern humans; believed to be descendant of Homo Erectus |
| Cro-Magnons [1:1] | skeletal remains identical to modern humans, language skills allowed them to plan hunts;more successful than Neanderthals |
| Nomadic [1:2] | people who wander from place to place; no permanent settlements |
| hunter-gatherers [1:2] | nomadic groups who searched for food and hunted in groups |
| Neolithic Revolution [1:2] | the agriculture revolution around 8000 BC that transformed people from hunter-gatherers to farmers, leading to development of settlements |
| slash-and-burn [1:2] | farming practice in which trees and grasses are burned to clear a field for farming,using ashes to fertilize the soil |
| domestication (of animals) [1:2] | hunter's expert knowledge of animals helped them tame dogs, horses, pigs, and goats |
| farming develops worldwide [1:2] | in Africa: Nile River valley (wheat & barley); in China: the Huang He valley (millet & rice); in the Americas: Mexico & Peru (maize & tomatoes) |
| Catal Huyuk [1:2] | one of the earliest settlements located in modern-day Turkey, home to 6000 residents |
| shrines [1:2] | buildings where sacred relics are kept; early settlements contained shrines to mother-goddess |
| disadvantages of settlements [1:2] | villages faced dangers of fires, floods, drought; diseases spread quickly; wealth attracted nomadic raiders |
| villages grow into cities [1:3] | invention of tools such as hoes, sickles, and stick plows made farming easier, resulting in larger harvests that supported larger populations |
| economic changes of settlement [1:3] | building of irrigation systems; food surpluses free villagers to pursue non-farming work (crafts); traders profit from exchange of goods, aided by the invention of the wheel and the sail |
| social changes of settlement [1:3] | complex economy requires cooperation of many people; social classes develop as work is specialized; religion gets more organized as spiritual values become ritualized traditions |
| civilization [1:3] | complex culture with 5 characteristics: advanced cities, specialized workers (artisans), complex institutions of government/religion, record keeping, and advanced technology |
| scribes [1:3] | professional record keepers who invented a system of writing in ancient Sumeria called Cuneiform |
| Cuneiform [1:3] | means "wedge-shaped"; a system of writing in which a stylus(sharpened reed with wedge-shaped point) is pressed into moist clay tablets to create symbols, then baked in the sun to dry |
| Bronze Age [1:3] | period beginning 3500 BC when Sumerian metalworkers began creating bronze spearheads and other tools by mixing copper with tin |
| Ur [1:3] | one of the oldest advanced civilizations, located on the banks of the Euphrates River in modern-day Iraq |
| bazaar [1:3] | market place located on a broad avenue |
| barter [1:3] | system of trading goods and services without money |
| ziggurat [1:3] | tiered pyramid-like structure found in ancient temples where priests offered sacrifices and performed rituals to the gods that watched over the city; means "mountain of god" |
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wm0397
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